M'midzi English ku North America. Mayiko - madera wakale Great Britain

Pali ambiri nthano osiyana ndi nkhani za mlingo wa kudalirika kwa ofufuza wolimba kale Columbus anafika ku North America. Ena mwa iwo anali Chinese Chimonko, ngakhale padziko m'ma 5 anafika California, ndi Spanish, Chipwitikizi, amishonale Irish ndi apaulendo, akuti anapita kumtunda mu mutu wa 6, 7 ndi zaka 9. Area a North America ndi miliyoni 24,7 lalikulu mapazi. Km. dziko lapansi akhale wolemera anali mwachibadwa ankasirira nyama mayiko ambiri.

Deta yodalirika amafotokozedwa wa amalinyero Norway amene anapita kumtunda m'zaka 10-14. Koma kuthetsa wa Normandy sanali kumusamalira m'zaka za m'ma 14, wosasiya kuda kuonekera poyerekezera ubwenzi chikhalidwe pakati pa maiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America. Mwanjira imeneyi, North America anali anadziwa m'zaka 15. Pamaso azungu ena anachita zinali British.

Woyamba ulendo British

Kupezeka kwa America, ku British anayambitsa ulendo wa John Cabot (mwinamwake dzina lake zikumveka ngati Giovanni Kabboto kapena Gabotto) ndi Sebastian, mwana wake, amene anali, mosamalitsa kulankhula, si mbadwa British ndi ku Italy mu utumiki wa England. Popeza ndalandira kwa mfumu caravels awiri, Cabot ankafunika kupeza njira panyanja zopita ku China. Zikuoneka kuti mu 1497, iye anafika ku gombe la Labrador (kumene, poyamba, anakumana Eskimos), ndipo mwina Newfoundland komwe anakapeza penti ndi wofiira ocher Amwenye.

Choncho unachitikira pa msonkhano woyamba cha m'ma 15 mu Europe ndi "Redskins" mu North America. Mu 1498 Cabot ulendo anafika ku gombe la kumtunda kachiwiri.

Woyamba othandiza Motero atulukira olemera shoals nsomba pa gombe la Newfoundland kale. fleets lonse ziwiya nsomba ku England anafika pano, chiwerengero chawo ikukula chaka chilichonse.

Chiyambi cha kulamulira

The kulamulira la North America anayamba m'nthawi ya 17. Ndi nthawi iyi, British kale mpikisano mu nkhope ya Spanish ndi French, amenenso anafuna yolowera Africa izi. boma la Britain ankakhulupirira kuti Canada ndi masoka katundu British ku America, monga lina la ku Canada linatsegulidwa ulendo Cabot Pasanapite nthawi French. Kuyesa katundu m'munsi anapangidwa m'ma 16, koma analephera: golide British anali sanapeze, ndi ulimi kuwasamalira. Only kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 17 anali woyamba English njuchi. Iwo anali agriculturalists.

Choncho, 17 m'ma TH linali chinthu choyamba mu kulamulira kwa Chile.

Chokhalitsa choyamba English njuchi ku North America m'zaka za m'ma 17

Bizinesi ku England anayamba kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha kupambana kwa malonda zakunja, komanso chilengedwe cha makampani malonda monopolistic mu ankawalamulira. Chifukwa chaichi, awiri malonda kampani, ali zimafunikira akhazikitsidwa: London (Varginskaya kapena South) ndi Plymouth (North). Iwo bungwe kudzera wolembetsa magawo. England Royal udzatha anatitumiza ku makampani izi kumtunda atagona pakati pa 34 ndi 41 ° kumpoto kumpoto komanso kumtunda malire. Britain anachita ngati m'dera a boma ake, osati Amwenye.

Virginia

Sir Hemford Gilbert analandira hayala woyamba akulamulira maziko a ankawalamulira American. Musanayambe ndi kukhala, iye anayamba kukaona exploratory kuti Newfoundland, koma inaonongeka pamene ndimabwerera. Choncho, ufulu wa Gilbert anapita Sir Valteru Reyli, wachibale wake, amakonda wa Mfumukazi Elizabeth. Iye mu 1584 anaganiza kukhazikitsa njuchi kum'mwera kwa Chesapeake Bay ndi polemekeza "Mfumukazi namwali" dzina lake Virginia ake (ku Latin virgo -. Woman). mapu English of America, motero wabweza chuma wina. Chaka chotsatira anapita apa gulu lina la colonizers anakakhala ku boma lino la North Carolina pa Roanoke Island. Kumapeto kwa chaka anabwerera ku dziko kwawo, chifukwa malo osankhidwa kunapezeka kuti woopsawo thanzi. Mwa atsamunda awa anali John White, ndi wojambula odziwika. Iye anabweretsa zambiri zina zachidule ku moyo algoikinov - Indians m'deralo. Tsoka la gulu linalo, amene anafika ku 1587 ku Virginia, sakudziwika.

Virginia kampani malonda m'zaka za m'ma 17, ntchito ya chilengedwe cha njuchi mungathe Valterom Reyli. Kuyambira ankapitabe izi chikuyembekezeka ndalama yaikulu. Ndalama zake kampani akukamba anthu amene amalamulidwa kugwira ntchito udindo wake kwa zaka anayi kapena asanu.

Ikani kwa unakhazikitsidwa mu 1607 Jamestown njuchi anasankhidwa, koma kusankha anali zoipa. malowo kunali zilakolako zoipa, ndi zambiri udzudzu, m'madambo. Komanso, British posakhalitsa anakhala adani a amwenye. Skirmishes ndi iwo, ndipo matenda miyezi ingapo amati miyoyo ya za kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za atsamunda.

Moyo unapangidwa bungwe pa nkhondo maziko. Atsamunda kawiri patsiku, ndipo pamodzi anatumiza kachitidwe ntchito m'munda, madzulo aliwonse anabwera nkhomaliro ndi pemphero Jamestown. Dzhon Rolf, amene anatenga "wolemekezeka" Pocahontas, mwana wa m'deralo mtsogoleri mafuko povhatanov, mkazi wake anayamba kukula fodya ndi 1613. Kuyambira pamenepo, mankhwala wakhala nthawi yaitali gwero lofunika la ndalama ya atsamunda ndi Virginia Company. Last, limbikitsani m'dziko, anawapatsa magawo. The utsi England kwa America, mtengo pa msewu ndi osauka kulandira gawo limene kulipira malipiro lokhazikika.

Maryland ndi Virginia

Kenako mu 1624, pamene Virginia (mu North America) ankaona njuchi wachifumu, ndi kasamalidwe ake wadutsa mu manja a kazembe akusankhidwa ndi mfumu, utumiki umenewu wakhala mtundu wa msonkho dziko. Kuchuluka zina m'dziko osauka. Choncho, ngati anali 8 zikwi anthu, mu 1700 kale 70 zikwi awo anali mu 1640, Angelezi anthu a pamudzipo. Mu Maryland, ena madera British, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1634, nthawi yomweyo utayambika Ambuye Baltimore anapereka atsamunda, amalonda zazikulu ndi Obzala mpesawo pansi. Modern America unasunga maina a mapu ndi madera ena a nthawi ngati boma.

Ndipo Maryland, ndi Virginia apadera kupanga fodya, choncho kwambiri amadalira katundu British. Pa m'minda ikuluikulu ya madera awa anali waukulu ntchito mphamvu anthu osauka, anabweretsa kwa England. "Atumiki Indentured" monga anaitanidwa m'zaka 17 anapanga zambiri za alendo Maryland ndi Virginia.

atsamunda

ntchito yawo posachedwapa Komabe, wakhala m'malo mwa kapolo wa akuda, kuchokera zoyambirira za m'ma 17 adza kwa madera kum'mwera English ku North America. Waukulu woyamba mtanda wa iwo anaperekedwa mu 1619 ku Virginia.

Pakati pa atsamunda m'nthawi ya 17 ndi ufulu atsamunda. Mu North Plymouth njuchi anapita "Pilgrim Fathers" - English Puritan zina zimene zinali mpatuko omwe anathawa kuzunza kwa chipembedzo mu England. Mu November 1620 m'chombo Aulendo tidakocheza pa promontory wa Cape Coda. Theka la iwo anafa woyamba yozizira kuyambira odzafuna malo, makamaka okhala m'mizinda, akhoza ngakhale kulima minda, kapena kusaka kapena nsomba. Only mothandizidwa ndi Amwenye, amene anaphunzitsa akufika kukula chimanga, zina kenako anapulumuka ndiponso anatha kupereka ngongole kwa ulendo. Maziko mpatuko wa Plymouth njuchi wotchedwa New Plymouth.

Massachusetts

Oyeretsa, amene mu ulamuliro wa Stuarts anali kuponderezedwa, mu 1628, anakhazikitsa njuchi wa Massachusetts mu North America. mpingo Oyeretsa anali mphamvu zochuluka kumudzi. m'dzikoli analandira ufulu kuvota ngati iye anali wa mu mpingo ndipo anali mlaliki malangizo abwino. Only limodzi mwa magawo asanu a anthu wamwamuna mwanjira imeneyi anali woyenera kuvota.

Kenako, akucheza ndi English utasintha, madera British kukodzedwa mapu. Pali umwini latsopano. Mu madera English ku North America anayamba kufika 'njonda "- kwawo olemekezeka amene sanafune kupirira anakhazikitsa chosintha boma mu dziko. Anakakhala makamaka Virginia, ndi madera kum'mwera.

Caroline

Eyiti pa bwalo la Mfumu Charles II mu 1663 anapatsidwa mphatso ya dziko ili kum'mwera kwa Virginia, ndipo anayambitsa njuchi a Carolina (chomwe pambuyo unagawika North ndi South). Virginia fodya Polemeretsedwa inu nzika chikhalidwe kufalitsa pano. Komabe, m'madera ena, monga Shenandoah Valley kumadzulo Maryland, komanso madambo a South Carolina kum'mwera kwa Virginia, zikhalidwe analibe kukula mbewu imeneyi. Apa ife ayipanga mpunga, komanso mu Georgia.

Carolina anali bwalo angapange mwayi pa kuswana mpunga, nzimbe, fulakesi, hemp, kupanga silika, enaake, ndiye katundu amene patalipatali England ndi kunja izo ku madera ena. Apa mu 1696 anali kunja Madagascan mpunga zosiyanasiyana. kulima ake Panopo ntchito yaikulu ya anthu a m'deralo kwa zaka zana. Rice anabzala pa nyanja ndi m'madambo riverine. ntchito molimba akugwa akapolo Negro, amene nkhani za hafu ya anthu mu 1700. Mu zikuchitika tsopano lino South Carolina, ndiko kuti, kum'mwera wa njuchi, akadali wamphamvu kuposa Virginia, anakhazikitsa ukapolo. Large slaveholders-Obzala mpesawo anali Charleston, chikhalidwe ndi likulu la njuchi, nyumba wolemera. The olowa yoyamba ya eni ake mu 1719 anagulitsidwa kwa English korona ufulu wawo.

North Carolina, komwe ankakhala, makamaka othawa ku Virginia (kuthawa misonkho zimabwezera mangawa, alimi ang'onoang'ono) ndi Quakers, anali wa khalidwe ndi osiyana. Panali ochepa akapolo wakuda ndi m'minda ikuluikulu. Mu 1726, North Carolina anakhala Britain.

Mu ulamuliro onse anthu kudzadza makamaka ndi ochokera Scotland, England ndi Ireland.

NY

Zinthu zambiri zokongola anali anthu amene ankawalamulira ena: New York (zakale Dutch chuma cha New Netherlands) ku New Amsterdam (tsopano New York City). Pambuyo analanda British, iye anapita ku Duke wa York, m'bale wake wa Charles II wa Mfumu ya England. Pa nthawiyi panalibe oposa 10 zikwi anthu, amene ankalankhula zinenero 18. Chikoka Dutch kunali kwakukulu, ngakhale mbadwa ya dziko lino ndi sindiwo ambiri. Kuda izo zimasungika lero: m'chilankhulo cha America analowa mawu Dutch ndi kalembedwe mapulani a Netherlands wasiya n'chimene maonekedwe pano m'matawuni American ndi mizinda imene amapanga masiku North America. Photos wa New York mu 1851, onani pansipa.

Msinkhu lonse kulamulira

British kulamulira la North America anali ndi mtima wofuna kwambiri. kontinenti Zimenezi zinali za lolonjezedwa European osauka. Pali adakonza kuthawa zifukwa zachipembedzo kupondereza nzika lalikulu ndi ngongole.

Osamuka usilikali kuti America mabizinesi osiyanasiyana, ngakhale anakonza zoti anaukira weniweni. M'tengo solder anthu odyera. Anatumiza ataledzera alemba ntchito kumtunda zombo ndi ku madera British ku North America.

Chimodzi pambuyo katundu wina British. Chikuwonjezereka ndi anthu awo. Kukwera agrarian ku Britain, amene anathandiza kuti chachikulu kulandidwa magawo wamba anachotsedwa England kwambiri anthu osauka amene amafuna kutenga malo atsopano mu ankawalamulira.

Kumtunda, mu 1625 panali atsamunda 1.980 yekha, ndi 1641 - kale anthu zikwi 50 ku England, osanenapo anthu ena. Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka 50, anthu chawonjezeka mpaka 200 zikwi. Mu 1760 izo zinasonyeza kuti anthu mamiliyoni 1,695, chimene 310 anali negros akapolo. chiwerengero cha atsamunda mu zaka zisanu chawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi theka.

Nkhondo ndi Indians

Kwa nthawi yaitali ankalamulira kumenyana Amwenye zowononga nkhondo, kuchotsa dziko lawo. zaka zochepa chabe, kuchokera zaka 1706 kuti 1722, pafupifupi onse Virginia mafuko anali unachepa, ngakhale yolumikiza mtsogoleri awo amphamvu ndi British "zokhudzana" m'ndende.

Ku New England, kumpoto, Oyeretsa ntchito njira zina: anagula m'dziko Amwenye ndi "wotuluka malonda". Kenako, izi wafunsira mbiri yakale amati America si makolo a Amwenye anagwira dziko ndipo sindikufuna kungapondereze ufulu wawo, ndi mgwirizano ndi iwo. Ulusi mikanda, chifukwa ochepa onga, ndi zina zotero. D. Mungathe "kugula" chidutswa malo aakulu. Ndipo Amwenye, amene sanadziwe kuti kuli chuma payekha, ambiri samadziwa zili zambiri ndi. The kuzindikira kulondola malamulo atsamunda a ku anathamangitsidwa m'mayiko a eni kale, ndipo ngati iwo sanagwirizane kusiya, powononga iwo. Makamaka nkhanza anali otentheka achipembedzo a Massachusetts. Kulalikira mpingo, kumenya Indians kuti anali kukondweretsa Mulungu. Popeza imfa ya ambiri anthu zakwawoko.

Pennsylvania

Zosiyana kwa lamuloli wankhanza kupulula Amwenye akumeneku inali Pennsylvania, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1682 ndi olemera Quaker William Penn, mwana wa asilikali English, kuti awo amene akuzunzidwa kunyumba dziko lawo anzake. Apa tinayesetsa kukhala ansangala ndi anthu am'deralo lapansi. Komabe, pamene mu 1744-1748 ndi 1755-1763 zinali zaka za nkhondo ya pakati pa French ndi madera British, Amwenye, amene anachita pangano ndi woyamba, mmwamba ndi akhala anakankhira kupitirira Pennsylvania (North America). Photo wa Pittsburgh ano, ili mu madera zakale, onani pansipa.

Kulamulira mu zaka zana la 19

Kulamulira la North America anapitiriza kukhala zana la 19. Wachitatu loyamba kusintha kwake kwambiri zachitika mu zachuma ndi chikhalidwe chitukuko cha chuma British ku North America. Modern Canada zikutanthauza umembala wake wakale Britain.

M'zaka za m'ma 19 ku Canada, chuma ku Britain dzina chomwecho, walowa pafupifupi hafu miliyoni osamuka ndi chonse cha anthu a ankawalamulira wakhala kuposa 1 miliyoni. Man. Maziko a chuma anakhala macheka , ulimi munda mtundu ndi shipbuilding. manufactory kumeneko. Koma chifukwa cha ulimi mu madera anakhalabe luso yaing'ono. Zochokera mu madera mankhwala British nizitsamwitsa kupanga m'deralo. Choncho silikuyenda ndi chikhalidwe zotsutsana. akuluakulu atsamunda, speculators ndi amalonda n'kukagwiritsa dziko anafuna kuti anthu akuderalo. Izi ndi zotsutsana ena zinachititsa kuti kugalukira ku Upper ndi wotsika Canada mu 1837-1838, motero. Iwo anali kuletsedwa ndi atsogoleri anthu akuona.

ulamuliro atsamunda British pambuyo yimitsira cha zipolowe wasankha kupitiriza kuloŵerera wa French Canada, ndipo mu 1841 ku anaperekeranji Act wa Union imene Upper ndi wotsika Canada, ndi madera wakale Great Britain, anagwirizana limodzi pansi pa dzina Canada. Lamulo limeneli linali kuchita chiwawa atsamunda ndi nkhanza nkhanza.

A njuchi la Great Britain m'zaka za m'ma 19

Great Britain panthawi imeneyo anali lalikulu katundu kunja. Cha m'ma m'ma 19 m'dera la North America, wachokera ku England, wopangidwa ndi madera awa: Nova Scotia, Canada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, chisumbu Prince Edward, komanso British Columbia, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa Pacific Ocean ndipo wosiyana zina za chuma makilomita zikwi.

Mu zaka 60 England ali cholinga chake pa kugwirizana kwa madera awo. Mu 1867, "Dominion la Canada," womwe ogwirizana boma limodzi zakale Britain. Amakhala m'madera wa Chingelezi wa Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, komanso French olankhula Quebec. Malamulo Canada ndi anavomerezedwa mu chaka chomwecho.

Mayiko - madera wakale Great Britain, Choncho ogwirizana pansi mbendera imodzi.