Mogwirizana wa kufunika kumsika kundipatsako msika. msika mgwirizano

mpikisano Market anaitana mtundu yolumikiza mabungwe malonda. limagwirira Market imatengedwa kuti ndi limagwirira ubale mwagwirizana ndi zochita za zinthu zazikulu za msika, monga kusowa, kufunika, mtengo, mpikisano, zofunika za malamulo msika. amakwaniritsa limagwirira msika yekha zosowa za anthu omwe kudzera atawalamula. Mogwirizana wa kufunika msika ndi msika umafuna ndi lalikulu zikuluzikulu za mgwirizano pakati pa ogula ndi ogulitsa, komanso pakati pa ogula ndi alimi.

Kodi atawalamula?

Kuuza amatchedwa solvency kufunika kwa mankhwala kapena utumiki winawake.

Kukula kwa atawalamula amaona kuti chiwerengero cha katundu ndi ntchito kuti anthu amalolera kugula pa nthawi m'malo anapatsidwa ndi pa mtengo mwasankha.

Kufunika kwa moyo kulikonse akusonyeza chikhumbo kulilandira katundu. Kuuza sakutanthauza kukhumba kokha, komanso mwayi kugula pa mitengo yomwe anakhazikitsa pa msika.

Mitundu ya kufunika ndi okwanira:

• msika;
• munthu;
• kupanga;
• ogula.

Okwanira ndi anamuuza katundu anatsimikiza ndi zifukwa zambiri, onse mtengo ndipo sanali mtengo. Taganizirani iwo onse.

Zinthu zimene zimakhudza ankafuna:

• malonda;
• mankhwala kupezeka;
• phindu la mankhwala;
• fashoni ndi zakudya zomwe mwakonda;
• zoyembezereka za ogula;
• kuchuluka kwa ndalama;
• zinthu zachilengedwe;
• mmene nkhani zandale mu chikhalidwe;
• kusintha makonda;
• mtengo, amene yakwera mankhwala mosinthana;
• chiwerengero cha anthu.

ankafuna mtengo - ndi pazipita kwambiri za mtengo kuti makasitomala akhoza kulipira katundu kapena potumikira.

Kuuza kungakhale exogenous ndipo amkati. The choyamba ndi mtundu uwu wa anthu, zomwe zimakhudza zinthu zina ndi phukusi boma. Amkati amatchedwanso kufunika zoweta, peculiarity ake lili mu choona kuti aumbike mwa anthu.

Umafuna kungofunsa otchedwa makasitomala wogwila kapena osiyanasiyana, komanso mankhwala gulu la ogula malinga ndi maluso awo ndalama kugula yeniyeni. Kufunika mankhwala ena ndi chinyezimiro cha kufunika msika.

Chikhalidwe cha chilamulo cha kufunika ndi yosavuta. M'mawu ena, ndi apamwamba a mtengo wa mankhwala, chindichepere ogula angakwanitse, ndi mosemphanitsa (pamaziko a yofanana ndalama). Komabe, kuchita pang'ono zovuta: choyamba, makasitomala akhoza m'malo mankhwala (iyi akutchedwa mankhwala mmalo), ndipo kachiwiri, zikhoza kuwonjezera ndalama kukagula nambala inayake katundu.

Lamulo la kotunga

Lamulo la okwanira ndi kufunika ndi malamulo a zachuma amene chimasonyeza zimadalira voliyumu ya kufunika ndi buku la kotunga mankhwala pa mitengo yawo. Alfred Marshall potsiriza anakonza lamulo 1890.

Pamene mtengo wa mankhwala makamaka kumawonjezera, koma magawo ena kukhala chimodzimodzi ngati poyamba, ndiye atawalamula adzayamba kuperekedwa pa nambala yocheperako katundu.

Mogwirizana a kapezedwe ndi kufunika kumsika amapereka mitengo mankhwala.

Elasticity wa kufunika - ndichiyani?

Mawu amenewa amanena za chizindikiro chimene akufotokoza kusinthasintha akaphatikiza akumufuna. kusinthasintha izi nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kusintha mfundo mitengo pankhani ya mankhwala kapena utumiki. Elasticity wa kufunika - ndi amene chinapangidwa ndi chikhalidwe kusintha mu buku (monga anthu a) ndi apamwamba kuposa mitengo m'munsi.

Mu chochitika zosonyezera kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kuwonjezeka (monga anthu a) ndinu yemweyo, mwa kulankhula kwina, voliyumu ya kukula kufunika mu chikhalidwe, koma zoperewerazo kugwa mu mitengo, elasticity ndi wofanana ndi munthu.

Mu mulandu wina, ngati mtengo kuposa kuchepetsa voliyumu ya kufunika - kufunika ndi inelastic.

Yankho kuti elasticity wa kufunika - izo ndi mawu a zachuma amene amadziwika tilinazo wa ogula kwa kusintha mtengo mankhwala. zodabwitsazi chimadaliranso ndalama ya anthu. Choncho elasticity wa gulu: mtengo komanso ndalama.

kasitomala anachita mtengo masiyanidwe wamphamvu, ndale ndi ofooka, aliyense amene amalenga lingaliro limodzi la kufunika: wokonzeka kusintha, si zotanuka ndi mwangwiro inelastic.

Pali mankhwala ndi elasticities osiyana mtengo. Uphungu monga mkate ndi mchere, ndi zitsanzo bwino kwambiri za kufunika inelastic. Apa, palibe kuchuluka kapena kuchepa mitengo mankhwala sizikukhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ogula.

Ogulitsa ndi opanga ntchito kusinthasintha akuti pa zofuna zawo. Ngati kugunda ndi mkulu mokwanira kupita sakuyendetsa lakuthwa mu mitengo kuti kuonjezera malonda. Choncho, phindu iwo ndalama zambiri kuposa ngati mitengo apamwamba.

Pakuti malonda imene pamlingo wochepa wa elasticity, sikutheka mitengo ndi kukweza kupanga kuchepetsa. Pankhaniyi, palibe phindu zachuma.

Pamene msika ali ambiri ogulitsa, kusowa kwa mankhwala alionse ndi zotanuka. Choncho, nkhani ya ukuwonjezeka mtengo zina ogula kugula katundu kwa anthu ena.

ankafuna pamapindikira

Kufunika pamapindikira lakonzedwa kusonyeza chiwerengero cha mankhwala akhoza kuwagulitsa nthawi anapatsidwa pa mtengo anapatsidwa. The apamwamba mlingo wa kufunika elasticity kwambiri, angakhale mtengo.

Kufunika pamapindikira ndi Zithunzi kuti chikusonyeza ubale chiwerengero cha anthu ogula amene akufuna kugula katundu, ndi mtengo pa iye.

Kufunika pamapindikira ukufanizidwa ndi okwana kwa makasitomala onse, koma kutenga nkhani iliyonse payokha. Nthawi zina, Zithunzi zimenezi si ngodya yokhota, koma Mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a mizere molunjika. Izo zimatengera zinthu msika.

Nthawi zambiri, kusowa pamapindikira imatengedwa molumikizana ndi mwa kundipatsako pamapindikira, limapereka chithunzi mokwanira. Ndandanda ingathandize pomakambirana momwe zinthu pa msika. Wonjezerani ndi kufunika zokhotakhota pa mphambano kupereka msika mgwirizano mtengo. Zimenezi, nthawi ndi limakhazikitsa ubale pakati pa ogula ndi ogulitsa.

Kodi pempholo?

Mogwirizana a kapezedwe ndi kufunika - ndi ndondomeko zofunika za chuma, ndilo khalidwe la mayiko onse osauka.

N'zosatheka mwachikulu yosanthula limagwirira msika popanda kupereka. Kuti amadziwika mmene chuma chikuyendera pa msika ku ogulitsa, osati ogula.

Maganizo ndi ya katundu ndi ntchito amene ali pa msika, amene amagulitsidwa pa mtengo anapatsidwa.

Anapereka Mtengo angapo katundu ndi ntchito kuti mavenda kupereka panthaŵi yotchulidwa pa mtengo kuperekedwa, koma mtengo maganizo si nthawi zonse wofanana ndi buku la kupanga kapena malonda.

Kutsatsa mtengo ndi chitsanzo chabwino mtengo osachepera pa zomwe wogulitsa ndi kupereka chuma chawo.

Kupeza ndalama mu msika akhoza yodziwika voliyumu ndi dongosolo. Iwo bwanji kupanga ndi mitengo ndondomeko. Zonsezi amene ali maalumali wa amalonda, ndipo ngakhale iwo amene adakali pa njira, ndine chakudya chofunika.

Voliyumu ya kotunga n'zogwirizana ndi mtengo. Zikatero, ngati mtengo ndi otsika, gawo ang'onoang'ono a katundu anagulitsa (ambiri amakhalabe malo), ngati mtengo umalandira mlingo pazipita, ndi kupanga limapezeka yokulirapo. Pankhaniyi, mu maphunzirowa ngakhale zosalongosoka mankhwala.

Pali intervals atatu, amene anaphunzira pempholo. Mpaka chaka - ndi yochepa, kuyambira chaka chimodzi zisanu - sing'anga-akuti, ndi zaka zoposa zisanu - yaitali.

Voliyumu ya kotunga amatchedwa mtengo wa katundu amene ogulitsa ndi m'pomveka panthawi.

Lamulo akufuna ali motere: voliyumu ya katundu kumawonjezera ndi kuwuka mu mitengo ndi kuchepetsedwa ngati mtengo amachepetsa.

okwanira ndi kusintha ankafuna chifukwa zinthu zambiri. Choyamba - ichi ndi kusintha mitengo mankhwala kapena amene mungathe m'malo. Amagwiritsidwanso motengera voliyumu ndi mitengo ya zinthu.

Tikupereka, komanso kufunika, pali sanali mtengo zinthu. Njirazi ndi monga:

• kulowa kwa Makampani latsopano;
• masoka achilengedwe
• nkhondo kapena zochita zina za ndale;
• ndalama za ulimi;
• pazikhala zachuma mukuyembekezera
• kusintha mu mtengo msika;
• wamakono kupanga.

Zinakhudza kwambiri ndi patsogolo sayansi. Iwo Sachita mitengo ya zinthu, kufulumizitsa ndi zinthu zochepa ntchito.

Pempholo otchedwa chodabwitsa zachuma, imene wogulitsa ndi wokonzeka kugwiritsa mankhwala awo pa msika pa mitengo lokhazikika. Pa izo, komanso atawalamula kufooketsedwa ndi ambiri mtengo ndipo sanali mtengo zinthu. Pakati pawo:

• kukhalapo mu msika wa malonda mmalo;
• Zamgululi-womuyenerera (womuyenerera);
• umisiri watsopano;
• misonkho ang'onoang'ono;
• kuchuluka kwa chuma ntchito;
• kupezeka kwa zipangizo;
• zinthu zachilengedwe;
• kukula msika;
• kuyembekezera katundu / misonkhano.

malamulo a kapezedwe

Voliyumu ya kotunga kumawonjezera ndi mitengo mankhwala. Lamulo limeneli umakhala mtengo ukuwonjezeka, pamodzi ndi kupanga katundu ndi wogulitsa (Mlengi) ndi kuyamba kutenga phindu. Chithunzi chenicheni chuma zosavuta, koma zizolowezi awa mwachibadwa.

pempholo Mzimuyo atawalamula, ndi kufunika Mzimuyo okwanira. Karl Marx ankaganiza choncho. Pakali pano, maganizo akewo ndi zogwirizana komanso. Kutsatsa amatha kupanga atawalamula chifukwa osiyanasiyana mankhwala ndi mitengo, amene anaika pa izo. Nayenso ankafuna anatsimikiza ndi buku ndi dongosolo la nsembe mankhwala. Ichi ndi chifukwa m'njira zili mankhwala amene kwambiri kudyedwa.

The njira imene mankhwala waikidwa pa mtengo ngati kuti akhoza kukwaniritsa onse wogula ndi wogulitsa, - mogwirizana a kapezedwe ndi kufunika.

elasticity a kapezedwe

chithunzi ichi, chimene imabereka kusintha maganizo pamodzi, kunachitika mogwirizana ndi ukuwonjezeka mtengo. Zikatero, ngati yobweretsa kuchuluka kuwuka pa mitengo, ndi yodziwika monga zotanuka (elasticity a kapezedwe ndi wamkulu kuposa wina). Chakudya kukula ndi kuwonjezeka mu mitengo, pempholo otchedwa unit, motero, zizindikiro zomwezo. Ndipo ngati phindu ndi zosakwana maganizodwe a kuwonjezeka mitengo, ndiye Pankhaniyi pempholo ndi inelastic (elasticity a kapezedwe ndi zosakwana wina).

Iwo adzadzipereka ndi kusintha, kapena mosinthanitsa, malingana ndi zinthu zingapo:

• makamaka kupanga mankhwala;
• nthawi yosungirako;
• nthawi imene kupanga;
• ola china.

okwanira ndi kufunika mogwirizana amathandiza kukhazikitsa mtengo yoyenera mankhwala, motero amasonyeza ubale pakati pa ogula ndi Mlengi.

Kutsatsa akhoza kusinthidwa:

• mitengo msika (makamaka mankhwala mmalo);
• msonkho;
• mitengo ya zinthu;
• ogula zokonda;
• sayansi ndi luso zikayenda;
• chiwerengero cha alimi;
• ziyembekezo zoyikidwa ndi opanga.

Mogwirizana wa kufunika kumsika kundipatsako msika - njira imene ndi mtengo mgwirizano komwe kumakwanitsa ogula ndi ogulitsa.

kotunga pamapindikira

Yobweretsa pamapindikira akuimira kuchuluka kwa katundu amene amagulitsidwa pa mtengo osiyana, koma pakadali pano mu nthawi.

Ndandanda maganizo amaimira chiŵerengero cha mtengo msika chiwerengero cha mankhwala opanga kupereka. Koposa zonse, pamapindikira izi zimakhudza mtengo wa ulimi. Izi zimathandiza kuti apange mankhwala zambiri kuwonjezera phindu. Chinthu china chimene amakhudza ndandanda wa bwana - ndi sayansi ndi sayansi patsogolo. MwaukadauloZida kupanga luso amakulolani ntchito mofulumira muziganizira ndalama zipangizo ndi anthu ogwira ntchito.

okwanira ndi kufunika ndandanda chofunika kusonyeza kwathunthu zinthu pa msika. Kumathandiza kumvetsa mfundo mitengo, anapereka linanena bungwe anakhumba ndi kulenga yopindulitsa dongosolo mafakitale ndi ogulitsa.

Pofuna kusonyeza kusowa ndi kufunika aone kuti pali, ntchito liniya zifunika. Muyenera kudziwa mfundo ziwiri, kuti alimbikitsidwe. Kuwapeza umaimiridwa ndi ngodya yokhota wa kufunika ndi okwanira, kudalira awo pa mtengo ndi kuchuluka kwa zokolola. Mfundo pa mphambano ya chintchito ndi mavutowo. Iwo akutchedwa mgwirizano mfundo.

Mogwirizana wa kufunika kumsika kundipatsako msika - ndi ndondomeko ya zachuma kuti zinagwira mapangidwe mtengo msika, kukhutiritsa wogula ndi wogulitsa.

Kuuza zinthu ndi okwanira ndi amene bwanji phindu. Maziko zizindikiro onse - mtengo wa katundu. Komabe, pali anthu ena omwe si mtengo zinthu.

Market mgwirizano amatchedwa chodabwitsa chimene mlingo yomweyo zizindikiro monga kufunika / okwanira. The mgwirizano mtengo - mtengo limene mtengo wa zolozerazi ali yemweyo. M'mawu ena, mtengo limene Mlengi amapereka kuchuluka kwa katundu, ndi ogula kugula ake onse. zodabwitsazi mu chuma ali osowa kwambiri, ndi pa kotunga ichi nthawi ndi wofanana kukakamiza.

Iwo anali anamvetsa chilamulo?

Kwa nthawi yoyamba yaikulu ya zimene zimachitika a kapezedwe ndi kufunika ananyamuka m'nthawi ya chinayi. mbiri Muslim ndi nzeru zapamwamba ndi woganiza anthu ambiri m'mayiko Arab anabwera chakuti katundu ndekha, amenenso mu ankafuna kwambiri, ndi apamwamba mtengo izo. Dzina la nzeru zapamwamba izi Ibn Khaldun anakhala woyambitsa wa chilamulo cha okwanira ndi akumufuna.

Komanso, lingaliro lake anayamba m'zaka za chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi mu Mabuku a Spanish zachuma Juan de Matenso. Iye anafotokoza chiphunzitso cha mtengo zotengera malingaliridwe a katundu, imbaenda kusiyana malingaliro a kapezedwe ndi kufunika. Iye ndi amene anayambitsa maganizo "mpikisano" pofotokoza kuyitana ndi mpikisano m'misika. Mu maphunziro ake ambiri tinakambirana zinthu zingapo zimene zimakhudza mitengo ya.

Kodi kupeza okwanira ndi kufunika misinkhu

Choyamba, muyenera kuika panopa mtengo. misinkhu Kuuza ali pa wobadwira wa makwerero mtengo, ndi mlingo wa ziganizo M'malo mwake, pamene kukwera izo. Kenako muyenera kudziwa amphamvu ndipo mofulumira kayendedwe mtengo. Chokwaniritsa zofuna - kwafalikira kwa bwana - kutsitsa. Zotsatirazi ndi gwero kuyenda. Ife kuyembekezera pansi, pa umafuna pamwamba. Kumapeto kwa mlingo ndi akupha ndi mizere pamwamba ndi pansi pa tchati.

Kamodzi zimatiyika zakonzedwa, Mlengi ali ndi ufulu kulowa msika Usaope wa alimbane ku mpikisano kapena kusakaza.

Mogwirizana wa kufunika kumsika kundipatsako msika amathandiza kukhazikitsa mitengo, zonse zinthu pa msika ngakhale kukhudza boma la chuma m'dziko.

Mu amasiku ano, ogula amakonda kugula katundu wambiri pa mitengo mpikisano. Ndipo mbali ina ya mpanda ndi Mlengi amene akufunanso pa mtengo wabwino kuti kugulitsa katundu wawo. Zikomo ofufuza ndi chuma amene amaphunzira okwanira ndi anthu, msika amatha liziyenda bwino. Pofuna kukwaniritsa mbali imodzi, kumvetsa bwino nambala yaikulu zinthu zina zimene amakhala osiyana, bwanji pasukuluyi.