Molekyulu: kulemera molekyulu. Kukula ndi unyinji wa mamolekyulu ndi

The zikuchokera zipangizo zovuta, ngakhale iwo anapanga ndi tinthu tina take tating'onoting'ono - ma atomu, mamolekyu, ayoni. Kapangidwe maselo ali zakumwa zambiri ndipo mpweya, komanso ena thupi olimba. Maatomu ndi ayoni akupanga zitsulo, salt ambiri. particles onse ndi misa, ngakhale molekyulu tating'ono kwambiri. Misa ya molekyulu, ngati kunena pogwiritsa, amalandira zochepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mamita (H ₂ O) = 30 • 10 ^-27 kg. Chotero makhalidwe ofunika ndi zinthu monga kulemera ndi miyeso ya microparticles ya kalekale afufuza sayansi ndi akatswiri. maziko anaikidwa mu ntchito za Mikhail Lomonosov ndi Dzhona Daltona. Taganizirani mmene anasintha maganizo pa microcosm lapansi.

University ulaliki wa "corpuscles"

The kopanda wa apawokha Kapangidwe ka nkhani anasonyeza mwa akatswiri a ku Girisi. Ndiye iwo anapatsidwa dzina "atomu" zazing'ono indivisible tinthu matupi, "nyumba zingatipunthwitse" wa chilengedwe chonse. The kwambiri Russian katswiri M. V. Lomonosov analemba za negligible ndi indivisible thupi zikutanthauza tinthu Kapangidwe ka nkhani - corpuscle. Kenako, mu zolemba za akatswiri ena, iye wotchedwa "molekyulu".

Misa molekyulu ndi miyeso yake ofunitsitsa ndi katundu wa constituent maatomu ake. Kwa nthawi yaitali asayansi akhala akuchita kufufuzanso mu microcosm kuti angaletsedwe chitukuko cha umagwirira ndi sayansi. Lomonosov mobwerezabwereza anzake kuphunzira ndi ntchito zawo zochokera deta yolondola kachulukidwe - ". Muyeso ndi kulemera" ndi Kudzera m'ntchito ya sayansi Russian ndi wasayansi maziko a chiphunzitso cha dongosolo la zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe akhala mbali ya coherent chiphunzitso atomiki-maselo.

Maatomu ndi mamolekyulu - "nyumba zingatipunthwitse wa chilengedwe chonse"

Ngakhale zinthu microscopically yaing'ono kovuta kupeza, iwo ndi katundu osiyana. Particles monga ma atomu, popangidwa ndi pachimake ndi zigawo pakompyuta amasiyana chiwerengero cha milandu zabwino ndi zoipa utali wozungulira kulemera. Maatomu ndi tinthu kulili zikuchokera zinthu, osati kwayekha, iwo amakopeka ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana. More noticeable zotsatira za mphamvu wokongola mu zolimba, ofooka - mu zakumwa, nkomwe adazindikira mankhwala gaseous.

zochita mankhwala si limodzi ndi maatomu chiwonongeko. Nthawi zambiri, pali regrouping wa iwo, pali molekyulu wina. Misa molekyulu zimadalira zimene maatomu izo aumbike. Koma ndi kusintha konse mu ma atomu ndi mankhwala indivisible. Koma iwo sangakhoze kukhala gawo la tinthu osiyana. Maatomu nawobe katundu wa mchitidwe umene. Molekyulu pamaso kuvunda mu maatomu lofotokozabe makhalidwe onse a mankhwala.

Microparticle Kapangidwe ka matupi - molekyulu. Unyinji wa molekyulu ndi

Kuyeza macrobodies misa zipangizo ntchito, akale lomwe - mamba. The chifukwa muyeso ndi conveniently anazipangiratu makilogalamu, ngati unit yaikulu ya zedi thupi la dongosolo lonse (SI). Kudziwa misa maselo mu makilogalamu, m'pofunika anagona zolemera zawo atomiki zochokera chiwerengero cha particles. Pakuti mayiko, ndi wapadera unit wa misa wakhala anayambitsa - nyukiliya. Mungathe kulemba mu mawonekedwe a achidule kalata (amu). Limeneli liyenera limafanana chimodzi akhumi ya unyinji wa nuclide mpweya ¹² C.

Ngati timuuza phindu lopezeka mu mayunitsi muyezo, timapeza 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg. Chotero zizindikiro kochepa kwa matupi misa ntchito makamaka sayansi. Nkhani ndi tebulo limene mungathe kuphunzira kodi ambirimbiri maatomu ena zinthu mankhwala. Kupeza zimene ndi unyinji wa kam'bulu kamodzi ka haidrojeni mu makilogalamu, kuchulukitsa ndi awiri tikuonera tebulo misa atomiki wa zinthu mankhwala. Chifukwa ndi tinthu kulemera phindu ongokhala maatomu awiri.

misa wachibale maselo

N'zovuta ntchito mu mawerengedwe a zedi ochepa, kungakhale kovuta, kumabweretsa nthawi yambiri, zolakwa mosabvuta. Koma kulemera kwa microparticles, ndiye kumasulidwa kwa zinthu zovuta anali kugwiritsa ntchito amatsogoza wachibale. Bwino kwa akatswiri akuti tichipeza mawu awiri - "atomiki misa" cizindikilo - Ari. mfundo zofanana anadziwana ndi kulemera maselo (mofanana unyinji wa molekyulu ndi). Ndondomeko kufotokoza zedi awiri: Mr = mamita (a chandamale) / 1/12 mamita ⁽¹² C).

Kawiri kawiri mutha kumva zimene akunena "kulemera maselo." Mawu lotha ntchito ngakhale ponena kulemera maselo, koma kamodzikamodzi. chakuti kulemera - ndi kuchuluka osiyana thupi - mphamvu ya potsata pa ndondomeko lawolawo za thupi. Koma misa ndi khalidwe zonse particles kuti nawo mankhwala zako, ndipo amafuna pa liwiro yachibadwa.

Kodi kudziwa kulemera maselo

The tanthauzo lenileni la thupi molekyulu ikuchitika ndi chida - misa spectrometer. Kuti athetse mavuto, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo patebulo nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, misa ndi molekyulu oxygen 2 • 16 = 32. Ife kuchita kuwerengetsera yosavuta kupeza phindu Mr (H ₂ O) - wachibale maselo kulemera kwa madzi. Ndi Table nthawi ndi nthawi limanenedwa kuti unyinji wa mpweya - 16, haidrojeni - 1. Jambulani yosavuta anapezazo: M _{r Mukhoza} (H ₂ O) = 1 + 2 • 16 = 18, kumene M _{r Mukhoza} - kulemera maselo, H ₂ O - madzi molekyulu, H - haidrojeni chizindikiro mchitidwe O - mankhwala mpweya chizindikiro.

khwimbi la isotopes ndi

zinthu zimachitikira m'chilengedwe ndi luso kulibe monga mitundu yambiri ya maatomu - isotopes. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi kulemera munthu, phindu lake angakhale mtengo fractional. Komabe, kulemera atomiki wa zinthu mankhwala zambiri zingapo ndi zizindikiro angapo pambuyo mfundoyo. Pamene anapezazo ndi kuganizira kuchuluka kwa mtundu uliwonse wa zamoyo mu kutumphuka dziko lapansi. Choncho, unyinji wa maatomu mu tebulo nthawi sikuti integers. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo izi anapezazo, timachotsa misa mamolekyulu, amene nawonso si integers. Nthawi zina, kungakhale phindu nazo.

Kulemera maselo a dongosolo si maselo a nkhani

Kwambiri mankhwala zochita kupanga si dongosolo maselo. Zitsulo ndi lopangidwa ndi ma atomu, ayoni ndi ma elekitironi free, salt - a cations ndi anions. Pakuti zinthu kulemera nyumba si maselo akuwerengedwanso mamolekyulu makonzedwe chilinganizo aakulu kuwalitsa dongosolo losavuta. Ife tikupeza Mr kufunika kwa amaayoni zinthu kapangidwe - mchere amene chilinganizo NaCl. M _{r Mukhoza} = 23 + 35,5 = 55,5. A mitundu ina kuwerengetsera chofunika misa maselo a mpweya - kusakaniza mafuta. Poona kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosiyana mu mlengalenga, ndi maselo Unyinji wa mlengalenga 29.

Kukula ndi unyinji wa mamolekyulu ndi

Elekitironi micrographs la tinthu lalikulu Taganizirani maatomu munthu, koma iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti ndi maso wamba sangathe kuona. Liniya tinthu kukula kwa chinthu chilichonse monga kulemera, - khalidwe zonse. The awiri a molekyulu chimadalira pa radii maatomu ake constituent, mwagwirizana kukopa awo. Miyeso The tinthu zimasiyana ndi chiwerengero cha mapulotoni ndi milingo mphamvu. Haidrojeni maatomu - wamng'ono kukula, utali wozungulira ake ndi 0,5 okha • 10 ^-8 masentimita ureniamu atomu katatu zambiri haidrojeni maatomu .. Awa "ziphona" za microcosm wa - mamolekyulu zinthu organic. Choncho, munthu wa gawo liniya ya mapuloteni tinthu ndi 44 • 10 ^-8 cm.

Kuti adzimvera: unyinji wa mamolekyulu - ndi Uwerenge ambirimbiri maatomu mwa iwo. Mtengo mtheradi mu makilogalamu akhoza akamagwira kuchulukitsa kulemera maselo opezeka pa nthawi ndi nthawi Table, kuchuluka 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg.

Mamolekyulu ndi negligible poyerekeza ndi zazikulu-matupi. Mwachitsanzo, mu kukula kwa molekyulu madzi H ₂ O amapereka apulo nthawi zambiri, kangati chipatso ichi n'chochepa kuposa lathuli.