Othandizira anachita zitsanzo. Homogeneous ndi sakanikira catalysis

Umagwirira - sayansi ya zinthu ndi kusinthika awo, komanso njira kukonzekera awo. Ngakhale mu pulogalamu sukulu amaona nkhani chofunika, onse a mitundu zosiyanasiyana. Gawo, ndi zomwe ophunzira tikuuzidwa kuti zofunika mlingo, amaganizira kusintha kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni gawo otaya, ndi ndondomeko limagwirira. D. Komanso, tonse mankhwala njira anawagawa othandizira ndipo sanali othandizira zosiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo za kusinthika komwe kumachitika ndi chothandizira wakumana ndi munthu tsiku ndi tsiku: nayonso mphamvu, inali kuwola. Non-othandizira kutembenuka, ndife kuli wamba.

ndi chothandizira Kodi

mankhwala ichi, okhoza kusintha mlingo wa anachita, koma yokha si nawo. Zikatero, pamene ntchito chothandizira Iyamba ndondomeko, anatchula catalysis positive. Zikatero, ngati anawonjezera wothandizila mu ndondomeko kumachepetsa mlingo anachita, iwo akutchedwa woletsa.

mitundu ya catalysis

Homogeneous ndi sakanikira catalysis amasiyana gawo, yomwe pali kuyambira zipangizo. Ngati zigawo yoyambira, anatengedwa anganene, kuphatikizapo chothandizira, ndi mofanana boma akaphatikiza, umayenda homogeneous catalysis. Ngati komwe anachita ndi nawo gawo yosiyanasiyana ya nkhani, ndi sakanikira catalysis.

The selectivity ayende

Catalysis si njira chikusintha ntchito zida, izo kuli ndi ubwino pa khalidwe la mankhwala. A chodabwitsa ofanana singalifotokoze chakuti chifukwa chosankha (kusankha) machitidwe a catalysts kwambiri inapita patsogolo ndi zimene yafupika mwachindunji njira mbali. Pomaliza pake, mankhwala analandira ndi chiyero apamwamba Sikuti kuyeretsa zina thunthu. The selectivity a zochita za chothandizira amapereka kuchepetsa bwino ndalama si lokhalamo zipangizo, ubwino wabwino zachuma.

Ubwino wa ntchito kupanga chothandizira ndi

Kodi wina yodziwika ndi anachita othandizira? Zitsanzo ankaona mu sukulu ochiritsira mkulu amasonyeza kuti ntchito chothandizira walola ndondomeko pa kutentha m'munsi. Zatsopano amasonyeza kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito tizidalira chidwi kuchepetsa mphamvu ndalama. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri mu zochitika pano, pamene pali kuchepa kwa mphamvu mu dziko.

Zitsanzo za othandizira manufactures

makampani omwe ntchito zimene othandizira? Zitsanzo za mitengo imeneyi: ulimi wa nitric ndi zidulo sulfuric, wa hydrogen, amoniya, ma polima ndi mafuta processing. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito catalysis pokonza organic zidulo, monohydric ndi alcohols polyhydric, resins phenol, utoto, mankhwala.

ndi chothandizira Kodi

The catalysts akhoza kutumikira zinthu zambiri pano mu dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala Dmitriya Ivanovicha Mendeleeva, ndi mankhwala awo. Pakati pa accelerators ambiri olekanitsidwa: oxides faifi tambala, chitsulo, pulatinamu, cobalt, alumosilicates, manganese.

Features catalysts

Kuwonjezera pa catalysts kanthu kusankha kukhala kwambiri mawotchi mphamvu, iwo angakane ziphe othandizira, mosavuta kusinthidwa (kubwezeretsedwa).

Gawo la othandizira zochita homogeneous anawagawa gawo mafuta ndi gawo madzi.

Kupenda mosamalitsa mitundu ya zochita. Mu njira ya mankhwala accelerator kutembenuka protrude cations wa hydrogen H +, m'munsi hydroxide ayoni OH-, cations zitsulo, M +, ndi zinthu zomwe amalimbikitsa mapangidwe ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu.

Akamanena za catalysis

Limagwirira Catalysis mwa kuchita zidulo ndi zapansi ndi kuti pali kukambirana zinthu unayenera ndi chothandizira ayoni zabwino (mapulotoni). Choncho pali intramolecular kusinthika. Mtundu wa anachita ndi:

• madzi m'thupi (madzi uncoupling);
• hydration (kuphatikana la tinthu madzi);
• esterification (mapangidwe Ester ku alcohols ndi zidulo carboxylic);
• polycondensation (polima mapangidwe ndi pogawanikana pamawere ndi madzi).

Chiphunzitso cha catalysis anafotokoza osati ndondomeko komanso zotheka mbali kusintha. Mu nkhani ya sakanikira ndondomeko catalysis ndipamene osiyana gawo accelerator, ena katundu othandizira pa mfundo padziko reactants kapena padziko lonse kumatanthauza.

Pali ndondomeko microheterogeneous zimene zimaphatikizapo kupeza chothandizira mu mkhalidwe colloidal. Izi njira ndi boma Transitional ku homogeneous kuti sakanikira catalysis malingaliro. Ambiri a pasukuluyi kumachitika pakati pa zinthu gaseous ntchito catalysts olimba. Iwo akhoza kukhala mu mawonekedwe a pellets, mapiritsi, mbewu.

Kufalitsa catalysis mu chikhalidwe

Puloteni catalysis ndi inafalitsidwa mu chirengedwe. Iwo atuluka kudzera biocatalysts kaphatikizidwe zedi, kagayidwe anachita ku zamoyo zina. Palibe njira kwachilengedwenso yokhudza zinthu zamoyo, sapewa zimene othandizira. Zitsanzo za ndondomeko yofunika: kaphatikizidwe amino zidulo kwa mapulotini lenileni la chamoyo; kuwonongedwa kwa mafuta, mapuloteni, chakudya.

catalysis aligorivimu

Taganizirani limagwirira wa catalysis. Zimenezi zikuchitika pa porous olimba accelerators mankhwala mogwirizana, kumaphatikizapo kuchita zinthu zingapo zofunika:

• mayamwidwe wa reactants pamwamba pa mbewu chothandizira ku mtsinje wa ngale;
• mayamwidwe wa reactants mu pores chothandizira;
• chemisorption (adamulowetsa kumamatira) padziko mankhwala accelerator yatikhudza mkubwela padziko mankhwala zinthu - adamulowetsa maofesi "chothandizira reagents";
• rearrangement maatomu ndi zosayembekezereka wa ma pamwamba "chothandizira chochokera";
• mayamwidwe mu pores wa accelerator wa mankhwala anachita;
• mankhwala mayamwidwe padziko otaya tirigu zimene accelerator pachimake.

zochita othandizira ndipo sanali othandizira zofunika kwambiri moti asayansi zaka kupitiriza kufufuza m'dera limeneli.

Pamene homogeneous catalysis palibe kumanga ziwembu wapadera. Puloteni catalysis mu zosinthika sakanikira zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi yeniyeni. Pakuti madziwo anayamba zipangizo wapadera kukhudzana, lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika pamwamba kukhudzana (machubu, pa mpanda wa chothandizira meshes); fyuluta wosanjikiza; slurry kama; pulverized ndi yogwedeza chothandizira.

Kutentha kutengerapo mu zida za akuyendera m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

• kutsatira kutali (kunja) kutentha ndi kuzizira;
• kudzera kuzizira kutentha, ophatikizidwa mu zida kukhudzana.

Kusanthula chilinganizo zimapangidwira, angapezeke maganizo imene chothandizira amachita ngati mmodzi wa mankhwala chomaliza, amene anapanga pa mogwirizana mankhwala zigawo zikuluzikulu koyamba.

njira amatchedwa autocatalytic, chodabwitsa mu umagwirira otchedwa autocatalysis.

Liwiro ankachita ambiri chifukwa kukhalapo mu osakaniza anachita zinthu zina. mitunduyi awo umagwirira zambiri amasiyidwa, m'malo mwa liwu loti "chothandizira" kapena chidule chake ichi. Iwo sakuphatikizapo ndi stereochemistry chomaliza cha aone kuti pali, chifukwa iwo, nditamaliza anachita sasintha ku mfundo kachulukidwe ka view. Nthawi zina, mokwanira wochepa zinthu kwambiri bwanji mlingo wa sikumatha. Ndi chovomerezeka ndi zinthu monga pamene accelerator mankhwala mogwirizana yokha amachita anachita chotengera.

Mfundo yaikulu ya chothandizira chikoka pa mlingo kusintha kwa ndondomeko mankhwala ndi thunthu zili m'gulu zikuchokera zovuta yogwira, choncho chimasintha kutsegula mphamvu ya mogwirizana mankhwala.

Mu oipa cha zovuta chothandizira kusinthika zimawonedwa. Mfundo yofunika ndi silidzachotsedwa ntchito, adzakhalabe zikutsatiridwa patapita kuchuluka kwa anzake. Pachifukwa ichi ndi chokwanira yaing'ono kuchuluka kwa thunthu yogwira kuchita ndi gawo lapansi (anachita reagent). Mu zenizeni, pang'ono kuchuluka kwa chothandizira mu njira mankhwala koma ankadya, ngati kungakhale njira zosiyanasiyana sekondale: izo chiphe ndondomeko imfa, kusintha kwa boma padziko chothandizira chotafuna. Chilinganizo zimapangidwira chiyani salolera mlandu chothandizira.

Pomaliza

Chisoni, nkhani yonena za yogwira pophika (chothandizira) anazungulira munthu, kupatula iwo ikuyenda m'thupi mwake. zochita homogeneous ndi zochepa wamba kuposa anzake sakanikira. Mulimonsemo, choyamba mapangidwe maofesi wapakatikati, amene ali wosakhazikika, pang'onopang'ono kuphwanya ndipo pali kusinthika (kubwezeretsa) wa accelerator za ndondomeko mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mogwirizana asidi metaphosphoric ndi persulfate potaziyamu monga chothandizira amachita asidi hydriodic. Pamene anawaonjezera reactants anapanga njira chikasu. Pamene tikuyandikira mapeto a ndondomeko coloration chimazilala. Ngati mankhwala wapakatikati mu nkhani iyi ndi ayodini, ndi ndondomeko udzachitika kaŵiri. Koma mwamsanga pamene asidi metaphosphoric ndi apanga chothandizira ndi atabwerera wapachiyambi. Catalysts ili yofunika ku makampani, amathandiza imathandizira kusintha kupeza mankhwala apamwamba zotani. Sizingatheke popanda chotenga mbali ndi njira amuzolengedwa mu thupi.