Monga otchedwa zojambula mtundu wanyimbo yosonyeza chikhalidwe? Mbiri ya mtundu wanyimbo ndi amisiri

Kodi owerenga onse mukudziwa dzina la zojambula za mtundu wanyimbo yosonyeza chikhalidwe? Ndithudi, izi ndi malo kupenta, amatchedwanso luso munda. Izi ndi ntchito zomwe amajambulapo mapiri, mitsinje ndi nyanja, ndi zinthu zonse za malo achilengedwe. Ndipo zofunika mchitidwe zikuchokera mwina nyengo.

Madera waukulu kulili mtundu wanyimbo malo

Mitunda osiyana, pali ngakhale ena magawano ake - mzinda, mudzi, kumene wowerenga amaona zinthu fano kumidzi ndi chirengedwe, komwe kulibe nyumba. Mawu "malo" mu French, ndipo makamaka amatanthauza polemba chinenero cha kupenta easel. Choncho zinachitikadi kuti chifaniziro cha chilengedwe sikawirikawiri ntchito kupenta chadzaoneni.

Chikhalidwe osiyana kuwonetsedwa ku malo awa: zachilengedwe ndi munthu losandulizika. Osati kokha mtsinje, nkhalango, nyanja, kapena mapiri. Ngakhale kujambula ndi zomera mwachizolowezi akhoza zidzawonjezedwa kwa mtundu wanyimbo malo.

Mbiri ya zikamera polemba chinenero chimenechi

Malo monga mtundu wanyimbo wotchedwa zojambula yosonyeza chikhalidwe, akuwonetseredwa mu akale. Mwachitsanzo, mu frescoes Pompeian akhoza kukumana ndi opondapo chiwerengero cha zithunzi malo. Mu Middle Ages, mtundu wanyimbo izi sizachilendo mu ankapenta ndi mafano. Koma choyamba kwambiri malo kupenta chinsalu imatengedwa mu mbiri ya European luso wotchedwa "Saint George".

chithunzi ichi utoto chaka chakhumi mazana khumi ndi asanu, mu chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Adzaupereka kwa burashi Albrehta Altdorfera. Posachedwa zokwanira, mtundu wanyimbo zojambula yosonyeza chikhalidwe, ndi mokwanira paokha. Anapanga mitundu yake ndi malangizo - ndi m'nyimbo, zozizwitsa ndi filimuyi.

Monga otchedwa zojambula mtundu wanyimbo yosonyeza chikhalidwe? Odziwika ojambula zithunzi polemba chinenero ichi

Makamaka chopereka chachikulu mu mtundu wanyimbo ichi ndi zojambulajambula, Peter Bruegel. Imodzi mwa ntchito zake wotchedwa - "Malo ndi kugwa kwa Icarus". Nature ali nthawizonse mu ntchito zake zonse anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, ndiyo nyengo yotsatira akhoza zimachitika zojambula amamudziwa wa zojambulajambula Dutch Jacob van Ruisdael Isaacs.

Izo kwa nthawi imeneyi anali yodziwika ndi kulemba malo oyera. No nyumba, nyumba kapena anthu. Zojambula za chilengedwe Yakoba Isaaksa ali yekha Dutch mitunda. Iwo pang'ono ankhanza, wachisoni, ndi mitengo yaikulu, ndipo kawirikawiri zokwanira iwo azipereka imvi leaden kumwamba.

Nsalu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndi zaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi

Makamaka otchuka mu nthawi iyi anali wojambula Italy Giovanni Antonio Canaletto. Iye anali katswiri wa izo mapulani malo. Ndipo ntchito izi zili ngakhale zopelekedwa chikhalidwe. Chifukwa cha zojambula awa akhoza kuphunzira osati masitaelo a kamangidwe ka nthawi zakale, komanso makhalidwe ena m'banja.

Ndipo tsopano m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anapereka kuwundana waukulu kwambiri (onse mu Russia ndi kunja) amisiri kwambiri malo. Iwo anasiya dziko, kupanga zina zachidule mu inki, cholembera, pensulo kapena makala, kenako anapitiriza ntchito yawo ku situdiyo. zina zachidule izi anatitumiza kuti chinsalu, ndipo mitundu yonse anasankhidwa kale mu kukumbutsidwa zithunzi. M'zaka za zana lino wadziwa zoyesayesa woyamba kusonyeza molondola mmene kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, Polyphony mitundu ndi boma chosiyana. mphunzitsi wake Impressionists ankaona wotchuka English wojambula John wapolisi. Iye anali woyamba amene anayesa kulowa mitundu wolemera pachithunzipa.

mitunda Russian kapena maonekedwe a mtundu wanyimbo zaluso

The Russian malo sukulu wakhalanso ambiri otukuka. Chimodzi mwa ojambula zithunzi chachikulu cha nthawi anali Savrasov, wotchuka kwambiri za ntchito yake - ndi "The Makwangwala Olimbana Kodi Yafika". Koma Russian malo kupenta anali m'njira zambiri akuphunzira. anali zojambula wotchuka kwambiri pa mutu wa "Nature" Isake Levitan. Aliyense ali woyamba wa amisiri Russian malo adayamba kuonana ndi mitundu chikhalidwe wodzichepetsa ndi kutsimikizira izo, kuti mbali iriyonse ali okongola ndi wapadera.

Ndipo, ndithudi, poyankha funso lokhudza dzina la zojambula za mtundu wanyimbo yosonyeza chikhalidwe, sikutheka kuti asakhudze wapadera malo kalembedwe Marina. Izo zinachitika dzina kuchokera ku mawu Latin "Marinus" kutanthauza "nyanja". Ndiko kuti, makamaka chithunzi chosonyeza nyanja, mitsinje, mathithi, koma pa chikhalidwe chimenecho iwo atenga gawo lalikulu intaneti. zojambula zonsezi ndi mtundu wapadera kwa malo kupenta Marina.

The amisiri otchuka seascapes

A wotchuka kwambiri m'madzi zojambula mu Russia anali Ivan Konstantinovich Ayvazovsky ku England chimodzimodzi otchuka Dzhozef Mellord Uilyam Terner, amene analembanso seascapes. Imodzi mwa ntchito yake yotchuka - "The ndege lotsiriza la chombo 'Ngwazi". " Mu zojambula wake, ndi zochepa zimathandizadi kuposa Aivazovsky, koma ndithu momveka bwino amapereka kumverera kwa nyanja ndi dzuwa.

Koma kupenta malo a zaka mazana makumi awiri, pakhoza kukhala anatchula Salvador Dali ndi kupenta wake wotchuka "Elephants". Ngakhale kuti cithunzithunzi ici mulinso zinthu za kalembedwe surrealist kulemba, izo limanenanso chithunzi malo. Cholinga chachikulu cha mtundu wanyimbo ichi - kupereka maganizo afika woyambitsa wa ntchito kuganizira za chilengedwe. Ndipo aliyense kupenta kuoneka choncho, kotero kuti ankamva osati kumva maganizo ziboliboli ndi mpukutu wa chikhalidwe, komanso mukufuna umboni kanthu limene likuthandiza wolemba.