Moyo ndi ntchito ya Goncharova. ntchito Goncharova

Ndi chikhalidwe chake, Ivan Aleksandrovich zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi ambiri anzeru, wobadwa nthawi ya 60s, yogwira ndiponso amphamvu. Moyo wake unali ambiri achilendo kwa nthawi, ngati flurry wa ntchito anthu, ndiponso kusintha zosiyanasiyana 60s izo sizinali kwambiri. Ndende, nkhawa, impulsivity khalidwe la olemba za nthawi, Ivan Alexandrovich m'malo steadiness, ndi chidziletso, kuphweka. Moyo ndi zilandiridwenso Goncharova ali mwachidule anafotokoza m'nkhani ino.

Mumve tebulo ya moyo

zaka zoyambirira

Mumve tebulo Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich anatsegula 1812. chaka chomwecho, Simbirsk, iye anabadwa. Ivan Aleksandrovich a amalonda kuti pamene anzeru anali osowa yekha, monga kawirikawiri ankaimira anthu otchuka. Atazungulira wolemba Komabe, panalibe leni wamalonda sing'anga ili pafupi ziribe mphamvu pa chilichonse anakulira ndi maphunziro, kapena malo ozungulira. Atate Ivan Alexandrovich, anafa oyambirira anali olemera kwambiri, zomwe analola Goncharov kudzipulumutsa pa ndalama ndi moyo olemera kwambiri.

Simbirsk nthawi imeneyo kunali magulu ambiri matabwa, nyumba yakale ndi nyumba, koma anthu mzinda sanali ambiri. Mu malo awa anali woyamba zaka khumi za moyo wa wolemba. Mapangidwe woyamba wa Ivan Goncharov, amene mbiri ndi ntchito umafananirako anali mu nyumba yogonamo patokha mzinda, komanso wansembe, munali sukulu yogonera komweko ana a mabanja achifumu. Izi nyumba ya alendo Ivan Aleksandrovich anapeza laibulale kakang'ono ndipo ankakonda nthawi yocheza kuwerenga zopeka Russian ndi achilendo olemba.

Kuphunzira mu Moscow

Mu 1822, pa usinkhu wa zaka khumi, kupitiriza maphunziro awo, kupita Moscow bungwe sekondale kwa amazikonda anthu otchuka. Choncho moyo ndi ntchito ya kusuntha Goncharov a mu msinkhu wina wa amoyo palokha popanda chisamaliro cha makolo. Iye anabwera kunyumba kokha kwa chilimwe, kuthera nthawi ina mu Moscow. Apa Ivan Aleksandrovich, mwa zina, anadziwa ntchito za olemba French, ndi wina wa Romanov Ezhena Sue ngakhale ikumasuliridwa Russian. An kagawo ku Baibulo limeneli linasindikizidwa mu magazini "Telescope" chaka 1832.

zaka eyiti maphunziro kutha kwambiri, popanda kubweretsa ambiri, palibe phindu wapadera kapena kumawononga wapadera.

yunivesite

Mu 1830, zaka 18, Goncharov kale kukonzekera yunivesite, koma chiyambi cha kolera, ndipo chinatsekedwa kotero kuti Ivanu Aleksandrovichu anali yekhayo yotsatira mu 1831. Pa nthawi imene iye ankadziwa zinenero zosiyanasiyana: French, German, English ndi Latin.

The moyo yunivesite ndi ntchito ya Goncharova, mwamsanga tione chimene anapereka m'nkhani ino, kulowa msinkhu. Anakapezeka nkhani Kachenovsky, Shevyreva, Nadezhdin Pogodin, Davydov ndi ena ndipo kenako adakumbukira iwo ndi chiyamiko. Goncharov anali chitsanzo chabwino wophunzira. Iye anapita pafupifupi nkhani mwakhama omwe lecturers, kuchita homuweki. Ivan Aleksandrovich eschewed mabwalo. Yunivesite pamene akuphunzira Herzen ndi Ogarev, koma sizili choncho lina lililonse sanachingamire, ndipo anakumana ndi Lermontov omvera okha.

Mumve tebulo Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich akupitiriza tsiku lotsatira, June 1834, pamene bwinobwino Mwapambana mayeso omaliza ndipo anachoka ndi m'bale wake kunyumba kwa Simbirsk. Moyo ndi ntchito ya wolemba wamng'ono tsopano akuyamba kwawo.

kunyumba

Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich analemba kuti: "Ine analandidwa monga nthunzi, kunyumba akusasatitsa." Mu "wokongola Oblomovka" unachitikira zonenepa, wosangalatsa masiku ankatsatana ndi masiku ndi zaka, zaka, panalibe kusintha noticeable. The Simbirsk akuzigawo nkomwe anamva m'mlengalenga ouma a boma Nicholas a. Goncharov chaka chonse monga kupumula, wosachita kanthu makamaka. Mipira ndi zochitika zosangalatsa anatsatira wina ndi mzake. Pamene mnyamata zina amaganiza za m'tsogolo, izo zinkawoneka kuti iye monga ntchito, koma pyonsene ankaoneka kutali kwambiri, ndi kokha nkhani ya nkhani inapita patsogolo, mosonyeza ubwenzi umene unayamba Goncharov (yonena ndi zilandiridwenso wa zaka a wolemba pansipa) ndi kazembe wa Uglich, anamuitana kukhala kalaliki mu ofesi yake.

Kuyambira pamenepa kwa Ivan Alexandrovich anayamba alipidwa malamulo chizolowezi, imene sanali osangalatsa kwambiri, koma kudziwa zothandiza ndi kukumbukira ndi ponena za alonda ziphuphu ndi makhalidwe ena oipa. Photo Goncharova anapereka m'munsimu.

Petersburg. Woyamba ntchito zolembalemba

Magawo a moyo ndi kugwira ntchito Goncharova Petersburg nthawi. Pa chidzudzulo munthu mu 1835 Uglich anali anakumbukira ku Simbirsk lakwawo ndi kupita ku St. Petersburg, ndipo anapita ndi Ivan Aleksandrovich. Apa analowa Ministry of Finance pa utumiki, dipatimenti ya malonda yachilendo, choyamba yomasulira kenako mutu kalaliki. yosalala, chete khalidwe lake chofanana msonkhano uwu, ndi kuyeza mumlengalenga zachipembedzo si olemedwa ndi Ivan Alexandrovich.

Mu zaka zoyambirira Atafika ku Petersburg mu tinkasangalalira anamasulira Schiller, Winckelmann, Goethe, komanso novelists Chingelezi pisataley. Komabe, pa ntchito yake panthawi imeneyi Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich munali musaganizepo za izo. Only mu makumi anai oyambirira anaonekera ntchito yake yoyamba palokha. Pansipa chithunzi Goncharov.

"Wamba Nkhani"

Mu 1847, mu masamba a "Contemporary" anafalitsa buku loyamba wolemba wamng'ono, "Wamba Nkhani". Ndi nthawi iyi wolemba anali kale ndi zaka 35, moyo ndi ntchito ya Goncharova talowa gawo la kukhwima.

Icho chinali nkhani ya kukhumudwa, kugwa kwa ziyembekezo za ana aang'ono a Oblomovok osiyanasiyana akhamukira ku likulu ndi kachikumbutso kwa dona wa mtima ndi buku ka Schiller mu thumba lake, zoseketsa, pachinyezi, zonenepa. Petersburg yomweyo kuwamasula ku nkhambakamwa onse ndi reverie kuwononga chiyembekezo, kotero nkhani imeneyi angatchedwe ndi "wamba tsoka."

Mu buku la, ankaona kuti chinthu mbiri. Monga anavomereza ndi wolemba yekha, ntchito zimenezi zimaonekera zinamuchitikira ya moyo, imene iye anali wolota wa chikondi kusanduke nduna ozizira ndi businesslike. Ivan Goncharov, amene yonena yoperekedwa kwa tcheru chanu, wopyoza kusintha ofanana ndi amene akuona protagonist.

Alexander Aduev, dreamy chikondi m'chigawocho, ndi admirer wa Schiller, mwakhungu kukhulupirira mu ubwenzi wamuyaya ndi chikondi, kubwera ku likulu la dziko, St. Petersburg makumi anai, ku kuwasamalira amayi ake devotedly wachikondi. Akugwa m'chikondi, koma chikondi anapereka iye, modifies, ndipo ubwenzi. Kuyambira Alexander ali mu kusimidwa. Iye anabwerera ku dziko lake, amaiwala za zolinga zawo zonse ndi maloto ndipo itha moyo wake ndi mkwatibwi wolemera, olemekezeka paunch ndi malipiro abwino.

"Wamba Nkhani" anasintha katatu, chilengedwe analemba pafupifupi theka 5-6 zaka ntchito linasindikizidwa. Nthawi yomweyo chidwi ndi Goncharov litavomereza zolembalemba. Ine anayankha kuti buku limeneli ndi wotchuka wonyenga wotsutsa Belinsky, amene analandira wolemba watsopano luso ndi ananeneratu kupambana.

Mu 1846, Ivan Aleksandrovich panokha yodziwa Belinsky, koma osati kumuyandikira kapena anthu ena a bwalo zolembalemba osati anayamba. Ndiye makapu ili m'gulu Nekrasov, Pan, Turgenev, Botkin, Granovsky, Herzen ndi ena.

"Frigate" Pallada "

Mu 1852, Ivan Aleksandrovich malo a asilikali Mlembi Putiatina anapita kukaona kwa chuma Russian mu America. Cholinga cha ulendo anali kukonza ntchito mgwirizano ndi Japan, ndi dziko la kale pa nthawi pafupifupi sakudziwika kwa azungu. Travel wolemba anapatsidwa nthawi yovuta, makamaka oyamba miyezi navigation, - Iye wakuthwa kuukira neuralgia ndi mutu, ndipo mu kanyumba zambiri ozizira. Only pang'onopang'ono, pa kudza kwake mu England, Ivanu Aleksandrovichu anatha azolowere moyo m'madzi ndi pitching ake, ozizira ndi chifunga ndi momasuka. Kuwonjezera mawu lovomerezeka ndi malipoti, iye analemba kalata, lofalitsidwa mu "Nyanja zosonkhanitsira" omwe anafotokoza zidindo wake. Kenako, makalata awa, chilikupita kufotokoza amatchedwa "frigate" Pallada ", lofalitsidwa mu mabuku awiri.

Ntchito imeneyi taonera kale monga mmodzi wopambana mu mabuku Russian ntchito lofotokoza. Iye akanakhoza kuwerenga akulu ndi ana, ophunzira ndi osaphunzira. Buku limanena chikhalidwe cha m'mayiko osiyanasiyana zosowa anachezeredwa ndi chombo, akuyerekeza alendo makhalidwe ndi anthu a dziko lakwawo, palinso nkhani zoseketsa. Iye analipira msonkho kwa chilengedwe chokongola m'deralo, koma yabwino kwa mtima wake anali mitunda kwathu, kumene Goncharov, amene mabuku kulankhula kwa wolemba yekha, nthawizonse anakumbukira ndi chikondi.

IA Goncharov, "Oblomov"

Kunena Goncharova anapitiriza "Oblomov". Ganizo adadza kwa Iye wolemba kumbuyo mu makumi anai a. Ndipo zinachitika wa Ili Ilicha tinkachita izo pa ntchito pamwamba. Mwachitsanzo chaputala choyamba cha buku loyamba "Frigate" Pallada ". Iwo ankatsutsa otanganidwa, otanganidwa, mwamsanga England Russian njonda, bata ndi waulesi. Moyo Kufotokozera njonda ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi malongosoledwe a Oblomov.

"Oblomov" - ndi gawo latsopano limene analowa moyo ndi ntchito ya Goncharova. MITU yonena wake ndi zilandiridwenso si kwathunthu popanda kutchulidwa kwa 1857. Chaka chino pa holide madzi a ntchitoyi anali kuwonjezera pa Kissingen, anaima kumbuyo mu makumi anai a.

Moyo ndi zilandiridwenso Goncharova ndi kutulutsidwa kwa buku chachikulu siteji latsopano. Chikadzangotha buku la ntchito anali ndi kutengeka, izo idamveka ndi kutsutsana m'misasa onse. Awiri otsutsa bwino - Dobrolyubov ndi Pisarev - odzipereka "Oblomov" critiques wake zoseketsa. Nkhani Dobrolyubova "Kodi Oblomovism?" Oblomov kuvala ndime ndi ngwazi otchuka kwambiri nthawi - Pechorin, Onegin, Beltov, Rudin. "Oblomovka ndi dziko lathu mwachindunji" - analemba Dob, amene ukugwira kuti nkhani zonse anzeru Russian mtundu Oblomov. Pakuti Nicholas Alexandrovich Oblomovism - makamaka ndi softness, ulesi lordly ankakondwera ndi antchito ambiri. Kumene, Dob si anasonyeza chifundo pang'ono kuti mwina mbali yaikulu kapena Oblomovism ambiri.

Pisarev m'nkhani wake, kuwasamalira kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa makhalidwe maganizo, poona mmene akuwononga mphwayi maganizo chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Sam Goncharov ananena kuti Article Pisarev - yabwino zonse zimene zalembedwa za buku lake, monga ananena zovuta za Oblomovka mtundu looneka pulayimale. Ndipotu, ngwazi, izo likukhalira, anali munthu wodwala, ngati Goncharov anati. Oblomov sindikufuna basi kuti ntchito, ndipo ntchito ndi mantha chifukwa zimamuthandiza mavuto. Ndipo komabe nthawi zina amatha kugwira ntchito, ngakhale muulamuliro yachilendo. Olga anakwanitsa kumunyengerera iye ntchito, ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Hero kwenikweni throbs mu ntchito Goncharova, koma mwina kwambiri posachedwapa masamba ake. Iye amaopa onse: chinyezi, kayendedwe, kudzera mphepo, chikondi, ubwino, mawu mokweza. Ndipo izi mantha - khalidwe chizindikiro cha manja kwa chifuniro, akudwala misala.

Komanso, Oblomov nthawi zonse pakati pa zotsutsana awiri: iye analeredwa kalembedwe wakale Russian, ndi mlengalenga, anazolowera chosalanga ndi mwanaalirenji kukumana zokhumba zawo. Anakhala ubwana wake pansi osatekeseka, osaganiza kuyang'aniridwa ndi achibale, monga aulesi ndi kungochita monga ali.

Iwo ankasamba ndi pachinyezi, kuyesera kubisa zilakolako za ntchito ndi akuseŵera bwinobwino, Mwachibadwa ndili wamng'ono, komanso chidwi ndi chidwi china chiri chonse. Zipatso za maphunziro amadziwika - ulesi, anatengera mawonekedwe ake kwambiri, komanso kuopa kusintha kulikonse ndi zofuna za moyo.

matenda, malinga Goncharov, akulimba pa moyo Russian ndi mbiri. Mwanjira imeneyi, Oblomov anali chimake chenicheni cha lolemera Russian chisanadze kusintha nthawi. Komabe, tinganene kuti pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, zinthu zasintha mosayembekezera? Ndine akufa Ilya Ilyich?

Ayi, sangafe. N'chifukwa chake buku ili tsopano, monga mmene zakhala, akhala zogwirizana.

"Oblomov", kuwamva monga buku kuwulula satirising gentility ndi Russian ulesi, anali yaikulu bwino laibulale. Goncharova ngakhale poyerekeza ndi Gogol.

Kuchokera ku ulendo padziko lonse, Ivan Aleksandrovich anabwerera ku utumiki wake, kugwira ntchito mu dipatimenti womwewo wa malonda zakunja pambuyo bwana. Koma posakhalitsa, mu 1858, iye anasankha mu dipatimenti kufufuza Unduna wa Maphunziro. Mu 1862 anakhala mkonzi ndinayang'ana ndiye "North Mail", mkulu magazini. Goncharov anatumikira mu chikhulupiriro chabwino ndi lakwaniritsa bwino ndithu mu utumiki: izo anaukitsidwa kangapo mu ofesi - kuchokera m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu kuti waukulu ulamuliro membala wa Press.

IA Goncharov buku "The kulumphira"

Kunena Goncharova bukhu la "Oblomov" sikuthetsa kumeneko. Mu 1868 magazini "Herald of Europe" anabwera wake mwake "Oblomov" buku - "Open". Iwo anali pakati pafupifupi imodzi ndi "Oblomov", koma kulemba chidutswa Goncharov anatenga zaka zoposa 20! M'zaka amenewa anali m'malo ndi mbadwo wonse, nyengo lonse. Mdima nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas Ine, Russia anasamukira ku chitsitsimutso ndi kukonzedwanso. Koma ine ndikuyang'ana Goncharova anali akadali kuyang'ana kwa zapitazi, kumene Iye adayandikira Mafano ake ndiponso anthu. Mtsutso Sanayamikire buku lino, mwina chinathandiza kumachitika nthawi pamene anaonekera. Mu nthawi iyi zinali kutsekedwa magazini "Contemporary" ndi "Russian Mau" komanso kutsutsa wataya nthumwi zake zabwino, kuphatikizapo Pisarev. "Mfundo za Lathu", ngakhale kupeza mapazi ake. Utolankhani kunalamulidwa ndi chisokonezo m'maganizo ndi maganizo. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi, mu ovuta ano wabadwa ntchito zinapatsira ndi zinthu zina pa moyo, ndi tinganene kuyang'ana chidaliro ... Goncharov amazindikira onse akale wamphamvu, wathanzi ndi wabwino, chiyembekeza kugwirizanitsa akale ndi atsopano. Kumene, pamene otere sakanakhoza kukhala othandizana.

Tiyeni tinene mawu ochepa za ziwiri kanjedza chapakati buku la - Edeni ndi agogo akewo. Paradaiso akumenyana akale kuti, kukoma mtima, koma kugona pa bedi omasuka, ndi samakana nokha chilichonse, ngakhale Egorka alola kuti avule nsapato zake. Iye amakhala adakali m'nyengo ya serfdom, ndipo amalimbana okha ndi mawu okha, sagwirizana ndi choncho: chabe limalangiza agogo zokonzeka kumasula munthu serfs, koma mu nkhani iyi safuna kuthandizapo, ngakhale adzaupereka kwa iye. Mofulumira ndi zina ndithu, khalidwe lonse la anthu Russian pa nthawi yovuta, monga kwa nthawi iliyonse Transitional.

Agogo zambiri ankagwira mdzukulu wake. Iwo amalankhula za makolo, mawu, miyambi, nzeru zawo zakale. Mwa nzeru izi lotha iye ankaona tanthauzo kwambiri kuposa m'Paradaiso. Iyo inali pafupi, molimba, imperious mkazi, osati kukonda kugonjera, ngakhale pa mtima ndi womvetsa zinthu zambiri kuti ufulu m'Paradaiso. Komabe, ngakhale kuti chikhulupiriro chake ndi chikhulupiriro kuti zonse zili bwino, komabe palibe kusalandira chokhudza latsopano. Mwachidule, ndi akale kwambiri ndi mantha latsopano, koma wolephera iye akamavutika.

Choncho mwa buku lonse inadzachitika mutu uwu: kulimbana zimasintha watsopano. Goncharov sasefukira chitetezo cha aliyense wa zipani, Mbidzi okha chiyanjanitso awo ndi ogwirizana.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Ivan Aleksandrovich, ndithudi, wakhumudwa, anaona ngati buku a. Pa nthawi imene iye anali pafupi usinkhu wa zaka 60, ndipo mmbuyo anali akuluakulu zolembalemba chigonjetso. Pambuyo amasulidwe "kulumphira" Goncharov kawirikawiri zikuonekeratu kuti anthu ndi pang'ono kwalembedwa. Mwa ntchito zake atsopano monga "zolembalemba Madzulo", "zillion kuzunzidwa", "Ndemanga pa chizindikiro cha Belinsky," "Kulibwino mochedwa kuposa konse", "Atumiki", "Sindidzaiwala".

Kulephera ankakonda mwana, matenda akuyandikira ukalamba amutsogolere iye ku wozingwa ndi kukhumba. Mu 1873, udindo wa onse, Goncharov anapuma nkomwe kupirira zaka zoposa makumi anayi a utumiki chimodzi kukumbukira. Komabe, pambuyo kuti amayembekezeka Ivanu Aleksandrovichu anakhala zaka 20. Axamwali anasiya pang'ono kwambiri pafupi, sanali kulandira alendo ndipo anayankhula mwanjira mphwayi. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Ivan Alexandrovich tikuvutika ndi matenda, ndipo Goncharov anafa ndi chibayo pa 15 September 1891 chaka.