Mphamvu ziwiri Russia (1917): tebulo, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira

The February zisinthe zasintha ngati dongosolo ndale komanso wa ufumu wakale Russian. nyumba ambiri aboma anathetsedwa, anayamba kukonzanso kwambiri bureaucracy. Poyamba, zonsezi zina zinachititsa kuti chidwi ndithu, zachirendo mitundu ya ulamuliro. A chitsanzo chabwino ndi mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917 za zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira kukamba payokha.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Chifukwa cha zinthu zisinthe Russia anali kulamulira m'malo wagawo loyambirira, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Provisional boma ndi Soviet wa anyabasa 'ndi asilikali akuluakulu. Pa nthawi imeneyo, zikuchokera Boma kwa anthu khumi: cadets anayi, awiri Octobrist, wina progressives ndi SR, komanso nthumwi wina ku Bungwe la Provincial ndi membala sanali phwando. The zikuchokera Board ndi nakhala makamaka boma Social ndi Mensheviks. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti thupi lawo akadali sanakonzekere kuti ayang'anire boma, choncho ayenera kuchepetsa kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma.

Choncho, mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917 - ndi boma limene mphamvu adagawa pakati pa matupi awiri; Provisional boma ndi Bungwe la ogwira ntchito ndi Alimi 'akuluakulu. Theoretically, ngati chiwembu akusonyeza ulamuliro mwagwirizana ndi kupewa "kinks" amene amathandiza ena yekha ena strata chikhalidwe. Zochita kunapezeka si zabwino.

zifukwa

Mwa njira, chifukwa ambiri anali ndi mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917? The zifukwa m'malo banal. Choyamba, taona kuti mphamvu zonse ndale Russia panthawiyo anali ofunitsitsa mphamvu, koma kugwirizana pakati pa iwoeni kwenikweni sizikugwira ntchito.

Komanso, panali kusafuna wathunthu ali ndi udindo pa zochita zawo. Kodi zimene zimakuchitikirani? Mwachitsanzo, munthu wina aliyense angayerekeze kubweretsa dziko mwa nkhondo, ngakhale kuti wachita kale anazindikira kulephera kwa m'magulu onse a anthu. Pamene mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917, panali pafupifupi palibe chimene wachita kwa kutengerapo wa dziko kuti wamba, amene akuyembekezera ochuluka monga mu 1861. Ndithudi, zonse adzaika anthu yolimbana ndi Provisional boma ndi Board.

Council ndi boma Relations

Boma anapambana mfundo ziwiri maganizo pa mtima kwa Council zokomera. Onse anali ofanana: m'nkhani yoyamba, maguluwo ankakhulupirira kuti n'zosatheka asintha konse, lachiwiri - amene ayenera pang'onopang'ono kukakumana njira zonse kasamalidwe. Koma kunena zoona, kunyalanyaza Council zinali zosatheka kwathunthu, monga anadalira thandizo la anthu onyamula zida.

Ndipo chifukwa m'chikalata, yemwe anatengera March 3, 1917, pamodzi ndi iye anali ovomerezedwa ndi Amnesty zonse ndale analengeza ufulu wa anthu ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a chilango chachikulu, analetsa kalasi ndi tsankho m'kalasi, ananenanso pa convening wa Assembly Constituent.

Zotsutsana mu March Declaration

Kulakwitsa, amene anapanga mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917, anali kuti ziwalo za matupi awa lolamulira sanatchule za aliyense wa kuchotsa nkhondo wopusa, kapena za katundu wa dziko nzika. Komanso, analonjeza kulengeza la Democratic Republic komanso sizinachitike. Mosalephera, ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti ndi Provisional boma anafuna kuti chirichonse chinali kuganizira mphamvu zonse za boma ku manja ake.

anali boma dongosolo mu nthawi yoyamba pambuyo February zisinthe chiyani?

Poyamba, akale zida zaboma zinasungidwa kwathunthu. Mu malo abwanamkubwa ankadalira anatumiza boma anakwiriridwa. Malamulo kwathunthu akanali yemweyo. Apolisi m'malo ndi asilikali anthu. Poyamba, anthu kukhala ndi chidaliro mu Provisional boma, monga anthu ankakhulupirira kuti mamembala ake udzatha nkhondo ndi kubweretsa dziko mwa mavuto.

Choncho, mphamvu ziwiri Russia. 1917 pabwalo m'dziko mulu wa mavuto osathetsedwa ndi zachuma. Resources kuthana nawo anali pafupifupi onse strata chikhalidwe anali akuluakulu watsopano, popeza boma tsarist zisakuyenda kuchita kanthu, mwamsanga komanso motsimikiza kubweretsa dziko ku mavuto. Koma pa zifukwa zina sizinayende ndi Provisional Government?

zolakwa ulamuliro

Poyankha nkhani ambiri akuyesetsa nthaka kulephereka kwa wotsiriza, kufikira convocation wa Assembly Constituent. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri Boma tsopano anakhala ankhanza ndi mlendo. Mavuto wokwera, ndipo anayamba mavuto a Provisional boma.

18 April P. N. Milyukov, amene anali pa nthawi nduna yoona zakunja, anati mu uthenga kwa ogwirizana kuti Russia, ngakhale zonse, ati "nkhondo mpaka kumapeto owawa." Zikwi za anthu anatuluka zionetsero, wosafuna kutumiza okondedwa awo pa nkhondo zonse zokhumudwitsa. Milyukov ndi silikhali Minister A. I. Guchkov anali pomwepo anachotsedwa. Kale oyambirira May, ndi Provisional boma chikuphatikizaponso wa Mensheviks ndi SRs.

boma mgwirizano

Iyi ndi nthawi ya boma mgwirizano, pamene dziko linayamba kulamulidwa ndi 10 "capitalists" ndi "Nazi isanu". Komabe, mavuto onse anathana, ngakhale izo sizikanatha. Izi zikachitika, iye anabadwa zinthu zabwino kwambiri kuthandiza anthu a Bolshevism. June 3, 1917 pa Choyamba Onse-Union Congress la Soviet Union anachita Lenin V. I., amene kale anabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo.

Iye ananena kuti chipani chake zinkachitika mu dziko nyansi, ndi okonzeka kutenga mphamvu zonse manja awo ndi kukhazikitsa bata. Choncho, mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917 mofulumira koposa anayamba kutaya thandizo la magawo onse a anthu. Government ndipo Council Policy sanali aliyense.

Malangizo - ndi kupondereza!

Mensheviks ndi SRs muli makamaka zovuta, chifukwa iwo anali "collaborating ndi bourgeoisie" mu nkhope ya Provisional boma. Mu chilengedwe kupanga Bolsheviks pali zambiri mbali. Zochitika za June 18, anasonyeza ichi momveka kwambiri. Pa tsiku lino, Council wakukonzera masewera kulimbikitsa anthu Provisional boma. The Bolsheviks anachita chotero kuopseza bwino pomwepo anaitana antchito kuti "mowiriza" masewera.

Mu St. Petersburg yekha, anatenga misewu osachepera anthu zikwi mazana asanu amene "anagwira kulemera kwa" yense mawu kuti: "Mphamvu zonse kwa Soviet Union", "Pansi ndi atumiki amene capitalist!", "Pansi ndi nkhondo!".

Kulephera kutsogolo

mavuto boma sanali kutali, koma pa nthawi imeneyo unkatchedwa amanyansidwa a asilikali Russian mu South-Western Front. masiku khumi basi kwathunthu bogged pansi, zomvetsa Russian zinali zoopsa. Malinga anamwazikana nkhani archival Ndizachidziwikire kuti anapha asilikali 60 chikwi. Zimakwaniritsidwa latsopano ndale.

tsiku lachisanu ndi chitatu wa July mu Komiti chapakati cha Cadets anaganiza kwathunthu amachoka mu "Boma collaborationist," umene panthawi imeneyo kale negotiated ndi zipani mtundu wa Ukraine, kuvomereza pa mawu za kumasulidwa kwa dziko lino ongobadwa ku Russia.

Posachedwa m'misewu ya St. Petersburg tsopano m'kati zikwi zitsanzo zomwe zinachitika mu chiphiphiritso cha kulanda mphamvu zonse mwa Bolsheviks. nthawi iyi zinthu ndi zovuta chifukwa chakuti anthu kumeneko anali asilikali ambiri zida oyendetsa. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu wapawiri analipo makamaka chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro cha anthu mu Russia 1917 chakuti maguluwo wake adzatha kuthetsa nkhondo. Pamene izi sizinachitike, yonena za chisankho chinatayika yomweyo.

likamalowa mphamvu wapawiri

Boma watenga kusankha fateful kufunika ntchito mphamvu. Iwo anapha anthu osachepera 700, ndi yoyendetsa pagulu pang'onopang'ono kuyambira kulowerera ndi kupondereza banal. Iwo unayamba malamulo achisilikali likulu mwamsanga anadziŵa mayunitsi asilikali anali kwathunthu anatseka pafupifupi nyuzipepala kwakukulu.

Chachiwiri boma mgwirizano

Iye anapereka lamulo pa kumangidwa othamanga wa V. I. Lenina ndi G. E. Zinoveva, amene panthawiyo anali lotsogoledwa ndi Bolshevik Party. July 24 unakhazikitsidwa "kusindikiza kwachiwiri" a boma Mgwirizano Nthawi ili m'gulu eyiti "capitalists" ndi ziwiri "Socialists". Nduna ya ulamuliro chatsopano wowopsa A. F. Kerensky.

Chifukwa cha zimene zinachitikira kusokonekera chikhalidwe kupyolera amene anathetsa mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917? Table mwachidule limafotokoza mmene zinacitikila katatu pamaso mavutowo, ndi matenda anayamba.

Ndipotu mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917 ndipo inatha mu ichi, popeza pambuyo polenga boma makamaka lotsogoledwa ndi Mensheviks. Mwachidule, za mphamvu-kugawana mphamvu ya kulankhula sukupita. Choncho, zimene zinachititsa mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917? zotsatira zake zinali zokhumudwitsa:

• Pali akamayamba chachikulu mavuto chikhalidwe.
• Asilikali ndi bulu zinali zosemphana kumbali ya boma.
• Kubweretsa dziko mwa nkhondo palibe amene amadzinenera.
• Land kwa amphawi sanali anasamutsidwa.
• Zofunika kusintha ndi zachuma, anthu sanayembekezere.

Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917, zomwe dera mobwerezabwereza tatchula pamwambapa, pali chitsanzo chabwino cha magulu mmene ofooka ndi osatetezeka ndale "Dorval" maulamuliro, kuichita zinthu zothandiza kwenikweni. The Bolsheviks ndi kulanda mitima ya anthu kuti anasankha yekha kuti mozaza, koma kuchita.

Iwo akadali anaima nawo Russia mu nkhondo, ngakhale kuti anachita zimenezi "manyazi Brest Mtendere", monga Lenin analankhula mwachindunji. Komabe, isanayambike mwamtendere ndi wotopa kwa dziko anali ofunika. Tikukhulupirira mwaphunzira zokhudza zinthu zimene nthawi anasiya mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917 Table, omwe ife pamwambawo akufotokoza zifukwa.

Kornilov mutiny

Pambuyo mphamvu wapawiri inathetsedwa, pofuna kugwirizanitsa mphamvu zonse za ndale m'dziko lapansi lidalengedwa pofuna kupewa kuti kwenda pa chipwirikiti cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Mu mwezi wa August anatenga malo onse chokumanako, chimene panafika magulu onse andale a dziko. Kuwonjezera pa Bolsheviks. Kalanga, pofuna kukwaniritsa pangano analephera chifukwa nthawi umpteenth: ndi Mensheviks anaitana kusintha kwenikweni ndi coexistence ndi Council, ndi bourgeoisie komanso anaumirira olamulira ankhanza ndi kuwonongedwa m'tsogolomu Nazi onse.

Mu zinthu izi zinayamba kutheka asilikali kulanda boma, "kuyang'anira" amene anali General LG Kornilov. pulogalamu yake inali osati kuwonongedwa okwana atsogoleri Bolshevik, komanso miyeso yolimbikitsa mu chuma, kubwezeretsa ya chilango cha imfa mu Navy ndi Army. Posachedwapa, kunali koyenera kuletsa kukula mofulumira kukula kwa asilikali. Kornilov miscalculated: izo ananyamuka ndi pafupifupi zipani zandale, amene si chidwi ndi kubwezeretsa ulamuliro achifumu. Pa sabata, kupanduka anali kuletsedwa.

Ngati mwawerenga mosamala mbali yoyamba ya nkhani, inu mwina kumbukirani kuti mphamvu ziwiri Russia mu 1917 idatha chifukwa chokayikakayika ziwanga ndi Provisional boma. The yomweyo chifukwa ndi zochitika wotsatira: kulandira, pomaliza, mphamvu yeniyeni, magulu onse andale agwera mphwayi. mamembala awo kale sanasowe chilichonse, koma chifukwa Bolsheviks anali mosavuta analanda makonzedwe boma mu manja awo, pogwiritsa ntchito thandizo zonse watopa cha anthu onsewa.