Mpweya chilinganizo. Nthawi tebulo - mpweya

Chemical mchitidwe mpweya kusungidwa mu chachiwiri nthawi VI-TH gulu lalikulu la lotha yochepa Baibulo la Table nthawi ndi nthawi. Malinga ndi mfundo yatsopano manambala - ndi gulu 16. chisankho nchakuti zinapangidwa ndi IUPAC mu 1988. Mpweya monga chinthu wamba chilinganizo - _2. Taganizirani katundu waukulu, udindo mu chikhalidwe ndi chuma. Timayamba ndi malongosoledwe a gulu lonse la dongosolo zodziwitsa, yemwe walunjika ndi oxygen. Mchitidwe isiyana congeners ake kukhala ndi chalcogen, ndi madzi ndi osiyana ndi wa hydrogen mankhwala a sulfa, selenium ndi tellurium. Malongosoledwe a zizindikilo onse apezeke, koma kuphunzira za kapangidwe ndi katundu wa maatomu.

Chalcogens - zinthu ofanana mpweya

Similar katundu wa ma atomu kupanga gulu limodzi mu dongosolo nthawi. Mpweya walunjika ndi banja la chalcogens, koma kumasiyana ndi chiwerengero cha katundu.

Unyinji atomiki mpweya - baba gulu - 16 a. .. E mamita chalcogen mankhwala ndi mapangidwe hydrogen ndi zitsulo kuonetsa boma zawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni -2. Mwachitsanzo, lopangidwa ndi madzi (H ₂ O) makutidwe ndi okosijeni chiwerengero cha oxygen -2.

Zikuchokera lililonse mankhwala chalcogen wa hydrogen wa chilinganizo ambiri: H ₂ R. The kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zimenezi anapanga acid. Only wa hydrogen kogwirizana mpweya - madzi - ali katundu wapadera. Malinga ndi zomwe anapeza asayansi, mankhwala ndi zachilendo ndi ofooka kwambiri asidi, ndi patsinde ofooka kwambiri.

Sulfa, selenium ndi tellurium ndi mmene zabwino makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma (+4, +6) mu mankhwala ndi mpweya ndi ena omwe si zitsulo ndi mkulu electronegativity (EO). oxides zikuchokera chalcogen kusonyeza chilinganizo ambiri: Aroma _2, Aroma _3. Ali zikuchokera lolingana asidi: H ₂ Ro _3, H ₂ Ro _4.

Zochitika zizigwirizana zinthu losavuta: mpweya, sulfure, selenium, tellurium ndi polonium. Woyamba anthu atatu kuonetsa katundu zachitsulo. Mpweya chilinganizo - About _2. Allotropic kusinthidwa wa chinthu chomwecho - Mpweya umene (O _3). Onse Mabaibulo ndi mpweya. Sulfa ndi selenium - Olimba sanali zitsulo. Tellurium - metalloid mankhwala, ndi wochititsa magetsi, polonium - zitsulo.

Mpweya - amafotokozera wambiri

Okhutira okwana ma atomu a amafotokozera mu kutumphuka dziko lapansi ndi za 47% (by kulemera). Mpweya opezeka mu ufulu mawonekedwe, kapena monga mbali ya kugwirizana angapo. Zambiri mankhwala, amene chilinganizo cha O ₂ ndi ku zikuchokera m'mlengalenga, apanga 21% mpweya (by buku). Maselo mpweya uli kusungunuka mu madzi, ndi pakati pa particles dothi.

Ife tikudziwa kale kuti pali mtundu wina wa kuli chimodzimodzi mankhwala amafotokozera mu mawonekedwe a chinthu yosavuta. Mpweya umene Izi - mafuta kupanga pafupifupi 30 kuchokera ku wosanjikiza pamwamba ena amati Mpweya umene chophimba. Adzamangidwa mpweya akulowa mamolekyulu madzi m'matanthwe ambiri ndi mchere, mankhwala organic.

Kapangidwe mpweya atomu

Nthawi tebulo muli mfundo wathunthu za mpweya:

1. The siriyo chiwerengero cha mchitidwe wa - 8.
2. nyukiliya mlandu - +8.
3. Chiwerengero cha elekitironi - 8.
4. Pakompyuta mpweya chilinganizo - 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.

Mu chikhalidwe, pali atatu isotopes khola, amene ali yemweyo ndondomeko chiwerengero mu nthawi ndi nthawi Table, ndi zikuchokera zofanana mapulotoni ma elekitironi, koma nambala osiyanasiyana neutrons. Isotopes ali amaimira chizindikiro chomwecho - O. Yerekezerani tchati chosonyeza zikuchokera isotopes mpweya zitatu:

Katundu wa mpweya - chinthu mankhwala

Pa 2p sublevel atomu ali ma elekitironi awiri unpaired, amene akufotokoza za kuonekera kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni -2 ndi +2. Awiri wophatikizidwa ma elekitironi sangakhoze kusagwirizana, kwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuchuluka kwa anayi monga sulfure ndi chalcogenides ena. Chifukwa - kupanda ufulu sublayer. Choncho, mankhwala a amafotokozera mankhwala si kuonetsa mpweya valence ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma chiwerengero ofanana gululi kochepa buku la dongosolo nthawi (6). Avereji makutidwe ndi okosijeni nambala -2 iye.

Only ndi mankhwala fluorine akusonyeza mpweya uncharacteristic zabwino makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la +2 iye. EO kufunika awiri osiyana mphamvu nonmetals: EA (D) = 3.5; EE (F) = 4. mchitidwe zambiri electronegative, fluoro mphamvu akuzisunga valence ake ma elekitironi kukopeka particles kuti kunja kwa thupi mlingo mphamvu ya atomu oxygen. Choncho, anachita ndi fluorine ndi mpweya kuchepetsa wothandizila wotaya ma elekitironi.

Mpweya - mankhwala osavuta

D. English kafukufuku Priestley mu 1774 mu njira ya zatsopano kuzindikiridwa mpweya ndi kuwonongeka kwa okusayidi Mercury. zaka ziwiri izi zisanachitike, chinthu chomwecho mu maonekedwe ake angwiro anali K. Scheele. Only zaka zingapo, French sayansi Antoine Lavoisier Anapeza kuti mpweya ndi mbali za mlengalenga, ndi kuphunzira katundu. Mankhwala mpweya chilinganizo - _2. Ganizirani kujambula zikuchokera ma elekitironi nkhani nawo mapangidwe sanali kumalo ozizira covalent chomangira - O O ::. Sinthanitsani Mugulu kogwirizana elekitironi ndi mzere umodzi: O = O. Chotero mpweya chilinganizo chimasonyeza kuti maatomu mu molekyulu ndi zogwirizana ndi awiri awiriawiri wamba elekitironi.

Kuchita kuwerengetsera yosavuta ndipo pezani ndi wachibale maselo Unyinji wa mpweya: Mr (O ₂₎ = Ari (O) × 2 = 16 × 2 = 32. Yerekezerani: (. Air) Mr = 29. oxygen Chemical chilinganizo isiyana ndi Mpweya umene limodzi mpweya atomu. Choncho, Mr (O ₃₎ = Ari (O) × 3 = 48. Mpweya umene Popanga nthawi 1.5 ankawonjezereka.

thupi katundu

Mpweya - mpweya popanda mtundu, kukoma ndi fungo (pa muyezo kutentha ndi kuthamanga wofanana kuthamanga mumlengalenga). thunthu ndi pang'ono yolemera kuposa mpweya; sungunuka m'madzi, koma zedi yaing'ono. Limatsogolera mfundo mpweya ndi zoipa ndipo -218,3 ° C. Mfundo imene mpweya madzi atatembenuzidwa kumbuyo mu mpweya - ndi kuwira ake kutentha. Pakuti O ₂ mamolekyulu kufunika kuchuluka izi thupi ukufika -182,96 ° C. The madzi ndi olimba mpweya umakhala kuwala buluu mtundu.

Kupeza mpweya zasayansi

Pamene usavutike, mpweya munali zinthu monga permanganate potassium ndi allocated mpweya colorless sipangakhalenso pamodzi botolo kapena chubu. Ngati mukufuna kuchita wangwiro mpweya muuni anayatsa, izo yowala kwambiri kuposa mu mlengalenga. ena awiri njira zasayansi yopangira mpweya - kuwonongeka kwa hydrogen peroxide ndi chlorate potaziyamu (potaziyamu chlorate). Taganizirani chipangizo wadera umene ntchito kuwonongeka ikukhudzana.

Mu mayeso chubu kapena wozungulira bottomed botolo m'pofunika kutsanulira pang'ono potaziyamu chlorate, kutseka pakamwapo ndi mpweya umene chubu. mapeto ake zosiyana ayenera anatumiza (m'madzi) kukalowa mozondoka mu botololo. khosi ayenera mulibe mu galasi kapena nkhungu wodzazidwa ndi madzi. Pamene mkangano mpweya yamasulidwa chubu chlorate mchere. Monga akulowa nthunzi chubu mu botololo, chimakankhira madzi izo. Pamene babu ladzala ndi mpweya, m'madzi ake chatsekedwa stoppered ndi kukalowa. Zopezera kuyesera choyezera, mpweya angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphunzira katundu mankhwala thunthu yosavuta.

woyaka

Ngati zasayansi akupereka kuyaka zinthu mu mpweya, m'pofunika kudziwa komanso kutsatira malangizo moto. Wa hydrogen ndi combusted yomweyo mu mlengalenga, wothira mpweya mu chiŵerengero cha 2: 1, ndi zachiwawa. zinthu kuyaka mu mpweya koyera kwambiri kwambiri kuposa mu mlengalenga. Zimenezi zalongosoledwa ndi chodabwitsa cha mpweya zikuchokera. Mpweya mu mlengalenga ndi pang'ono kuposa mbali 1.5 (21%). Kuyaka - ndi zinthu anachita ndi mpweya, ndi chifukwa mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana, makamaka oxides zitsulo ndi nonmetals. Oxidising osakaniza O ₂ ndi zinthu flammable, kuwonjezera, mankhwala chifukwa angakhale oopsa.

Kuyaka ochiritsira kandulo (kapena machesi) limodzi ndi mapangidwe mpweya. Pochita izi angathe kuchitidwa kunyumba. Ngati chinthu kufukiza pansi mtsuko galasi kapena kapu lalikulu, kuyaka adzaleka kamodzi mpweya onse chimadyedwa. Asafe siligwirizana kupuma ndi kuyaka. Mpweya woipa - makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala - salinso amachitira ndi oxygen. Transparent limewater akhoza kudziwa kumene kuli mpweya woipa pa moto kandulo. Ngati mankhwala kuyaka kudutsa hydroxide calcium, yankho limakhala mitambo. Mankhwala anachita kumachitika pakati pa madzi laimu ndi carbon dioxide, analandira insoluble kashiamu carbonate.

Kukonzekera kwa mpweya pamlingo mafakitale

The ndondomeko yotsika mtengo, imene mamolekyulu analandira ufulu wa mpweya O _2, kumphatikiza ndi wozengereza zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Makampani, Mwachitsanzo, mu mphero zitsulo, mpweya pa kutentha otsika kuthamanga liquefied. Zazikulu zigawo mumlengalenga monga mpweya ndi asafe, chithupsa pa kutentha osiyana. Angalekanitse mpweya osakaniza kutentha pang'onopang'ono kuti yozungulira kutentha. Choyamba, asafe mamolekyulu amadziŵika, kenako oxygen. The njira olekanitsa zochokera katundu osiyanasiyana thupi la zinthu zophweka. Chilinganizo yosavuta mankhwala a mpweya ndi chimodzimodzi monga izo zinali isanafike kuzirala ndi liquefaction mpweya - _2.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ena mwa zochita electrolysis, nayenso, mpweya, Akusonkhanitsa pa elekitirodi chogwirizana. zofuna mpweya wa mafakitale, makampani yomanga m'mavoliyumu lalikulu. Mpweya ankafuna nthawi zonse kukula, makamaka akumufuna makampani mankhwala a. Kusunga mankhwala mpweya zolinga mafakitale ndi zachipatala zonenepa zitsulo, okonzeka ndi ankachita. An thanki mpweya papezeka mtundu buluu kapena buluu pofuna kuwasiyanitsa ndi mafuta ena liquified - asafe, methane, ammonia.

kuwerengetsera mankhwala zochokera mitunduyi ndi maikwezhoni mosiyanasiyana zokhudza O ₂ mamolekyulu

Mtengo n'zosangalatsa kumva za misa molar mpweya chikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka wina - wachibale maselo misa. Only mu vuto loyamba, pali mayunitsi. Mwachidule chilinganizo mpweya chinthu ndi kulemera kwake maselo ziyenera kulembedwa monga: M ₍₂₎ = 32 g / mol. M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa Mfuko la buku lililonse mpweya limafanana ndi malita 22,4. Choncho, 1 mol wa O ₂ - ndi 22,4 malita chinthu 2 timadontho-timadontho O ₂ - 44,8 malita. Malinga ndi aone kuti pali anachita pakati hydrogen ndi mpweya Tingaone kuti anatani 2 timadontho-timadontho a hydrogen ndi Mole wina wa mpweya:

Ngati sewero zimene 1 mol a hayidirojeni, mpweya kuchuluka kwa 0.5 mol • 22,4 L / mol = 11.2 malita.

Udindo wa O ₂ mamolekyulu mu chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu

The mpweya kudyedwa ndi zamoyo padziko lapansi ndi kumatanthauza kufalitsa zinthu owonjezera zaka 3 biliyoni. Ichi ndi chinthu chachikulu kupuma ndipo thupi, zikhoza kuwola ndinso mamolekyulu zakudya apanga ndi thupi likusowa mphamvu. Mpweya nthawi zonse amadya dziko, koma nkhokwe ake kudzadza umene timapuma. Russian wasayansi K. Timiryazev ankakhulupirira kuti chifukwa ndondomeko imeneyi pali moyo padziko lathuli.

Great ndi udindo wa oxygen chikhalidwe ndi chuma:

• odzipereka pa kupuma zamoyo;
• kumaphatikizapo zochita za dzuwa zomera;
• gawo la molekyulu ndi organic;
• kuwola njira, nayonso, rusting zimachitika ndi nawo mpweya kutumikira monga oxidant;
• ntchito kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala organic.

The liquefied mpweya zonenepa ntchito kudula ndi kuwotcherera zitsulo pa kutentha. njira akutsatiridwa ndi zomera makina zomanga, mu mayendedwe ndi kumanga makampani. Ntchito m'madzi, mobisa, pa okwera mkulu zingalowe anthu nawonso amafunika O ₂ molekyulu. Mpweya akasinja ntchito mankhwala zathu zikuchokera mpweya Mpweya ndi anthu odwala. Gasi mankhwala zolinga, yodziwika ndi kupanda pafupifupi zosafunika luso, fungo.

Mpweya - ndi oxidizer wangwiro

Mumadziwika mpweya pawiri ndi zinthu zonse mankhwala tebulo nthawi, kupatula oimira loyamba la banja mpweya osowa. zinthu zambiri mwachindunji anatani ndi maatomu mpweya, kupatulapo halogens golide, pulatinamu. Chofunika kwambiri ndi zochitika zokhudza mpweya, amene anatsagana ndi kutuluka kwa kuunika ndi kutentha. njira amenewa ankagwiritsa ntchito mu nyumba ndi mafakitale. Zitsulo yatikhudza ndi mpweya ores otchedwa kuwombera. miyalayo Pre-nthaka wothira mpweya wabwino mpweya. Pa kutentha ayambe zitsulo ku sulfide ndi zinthu zophweka. Choncho analandira chitsulo ndi zina zitsulo sanali akakhala. Kupezeka kwa mpweya woyera umatithandiza mlingo wa njira yopanga nthambi zosiyanasiyana zimapangidwira, zomangamanga ndi zitsulo.

Maonekedwe a njira chachabe yopangira mpweya mpweya ndi kulekanitsidwa mu zigawo zake pa kutentha otsika, lakusonkhezerani chitukuko cha madera ambiri a mafakitale. Akatswiri amakhulupirira molekyulu O ₂ ndi O atomu abwino oxidizing wothandizira. Awa ndi zipangizo mwachilengedwe, iwo ena atsopano amalowa mu chikhalidwe, musati amaipitsa malo. Komanso zochita mankhwala yokhudza mpweya amakhala ndi kaphatikizidwe inanso zachilengedwe ndi otetezeka mankhwala - madzi. Udindo wa O ₂ kuchotsa poizoni mafakitale ayeretsedwa ndi madzi zinyalala ku zodetsa. Ndiponso mpweya ntchito disinfection wa zosintha ake allotropic - Mpweya umene. Izi mankhwala osavuta nazo mkulu oxidizing ntchito. Pamene madzi ozonization kuwola ndinso zoipitsa. Mpweya umene ndi zimawononga zimakhudzanso microflora tizilombo.