Ndi madhhab mu Islam chiyani?

Kuti tipeze chimene icho chiri ndi mmene sukulu za ganizo Islam ambiri, m'pofunika kupereka tanthauzo lomveka bwino mawu amenewa. Ndi ofunika kupeza kunja mizu ya chiyambi chake ndi chitukuko.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Mawu akuti "madhhab" latembenuzidwa kuchokera Arabic monga "malangizo". Ena tanthauzo la mawu akuti "njira". Mazhab Islam - kuphunzitsa makamaka zochokera faqih izi (i.e. malamulo Katswiri) ndi digiri ya ijtihad. Komanso, mumaganiza onsewa zochokera malamulo Quran.

Choncho, madhhab mu Islam - sukulu malamulo, amene si ntchito ya la asayansi woyamba, komanso otsatira a Imam zikuthandiza kuti chitukuko, pamene kulemekeza mfundo zofunikira ndipo maziko anayakira mphunzitsi.

A mbiri pang'ono

Woyambitsa wa asayansi woyamba kwambiri kukhulupirira Abu Hanifah an Nu'man Ibn Sabbah al-Imam al-ndizosowa. Iwo analowa mu m'ma VIII, ndipo ankaona anayambitsa njira Abu Hanif wa ntchito mfundo za ziweruzo zomveka ndi zokonda mu nkhani zokhudza malamulo. Iye anatsimikizira kuti n'zotheka kutsatira malamulo chachikulu miyambo gwero la malamulo (Quran ndi Sunnah).

mitundu madhab

Madhhab mu Islam - izo ndi yofunika ndi zofunika gawo zokwanira chikhalidwe Muslim. Pamafunikanso dongosolo la chidziwitso, kuchokera mphunzitsi wophunzira, ku mibadwomibadwo.

Kotero, momwe sukulu za ganizo Islam ambiri? Okwana amene pali asanu. Komabe, mu nthawi, ndi ntchito yathu ambiri ali 4 Madhab mu Islam. Njirazi ndi monga:

- Hanafi;

- Maliki;

- Shafi'i;

- Hanbali.

Wina School Chilamulo, zahiritskaya, tsopano kwathunthu osaonekanso, ndi Ja'fari yafalikira pakati pa Shiites.

Iwo onse ndi mbali wamba ndi zofunika kwambiri - iwo zochokera Koran, chimene chavumbuluzidwa mwa Sunnah, logic ndi mbalume. Ena onse a iwo asemphana kwambiri.

Hanafi kachikhulupiriro

Panopa, ku dziko la Tatarstan Islam Hanafi kachikhulupiriro amazindikira zofunika. Kuti ntchito pa miyambo ya chipembedzo ndi kulambira. Ngakhale kuti mwalamulo pali 4 Madhab mu Islam, Hanafi chimatengedwa ngati abwino kwambiri kuti mupereke zinthu. Panopa, iye sanataye kufunika kwake ndipo akupitiriza maziko mtima wololera ndi zipembedzo zina zilipo.

Akuti asayansi zachokera magwero monga Qur'an Sunnah, Qiyas (kutanthauza kusankha vuto la zamalamulo fanizo zimene kale zinalembedwa m'buku la Chivumbulutso), istihan, ijma (kapena maganizo ambiri azaumulungu), komanso maganizo kale otchuka.

njira imodzi ya zigamulo mu chiphunzitso ichi ndi okhwima wolowezana verdicts akuluakulu sukulu (monga woyambitsa wa sukulu ya Abu Hanifa). Ngati funso n'lakuti patsogolo nthawi zonse kuti maganizo a anthu ambiri kapena mankhwala ambiri mtima.

Khama la tate wa ophunzira izi malamulo sukulu ya Abu Hanifa anatsogolera chakuti chiphunzitso anati amene wakwanitsa kuthetsa pafupifupi mavuto a fiqh.

Maliki sukulu

Mlengi wa sukulu Muslim imatengedwa kuti Malik Ibn Ana. Maziko a issuance a malamulo ndi, ndithudi, kuika Koran. Ibn Ana Malik ankakhulupirira kuti Sunnah - ndi zochita ndi approvals wa Mtumiki Muhammad ndi "amachita Medinites".

Maliki sukulu wamaganizo anati, ngati nkhani zina si bwino mu buku la Chivumbulutso, tiyenera kutsatira njira zambiri ankakonda vuto, kaya kapena ayi kudzatunga ndi kufanizira ngati n'kotheka.

Chinthu chapadera wa sukulu Maliki ya malamulo ndi njira ntchito, ndipo kuwonjezera pa chiweruzo anakhazikitsa miyambo. Ponseponse anati asayansi apeza mu gawo Muslim a Spain ndipo Africa North.

Shafi'i sukulu

Onse madhhab anayi Islam - si mfundo za Imam, kumene iye anabwera njira ya kuphunzira malemba opatulika, womwe ndi kutanthauzira ndi kutanthauzira kwa Koran. Choncho, kutsatira chiphunzitso makamaka, si koyenera kutsatira mfundo zenizeni za Imam wa. Ndodo kuti madhhab kumatanthauza kugwirizana ndi kumvetsa malemba zopatulika kutanthauzira imbaenda Imam.

Akuti anayambitsa sukulu lamulo Muhammad Ibn Idrisa al-Shafi'i. njira zake zinali zochokera tanthauzo bwino ndi enieni a Quran ndi Sunnah, ndi zofooka mu ntchito zabwino.

njira Shafi'i chifukwa cha kukana allusions mwamalemba. Kuti ndi vumbulutso la zinthu sayenera adziwa zophiphiritsa, ndi zolembedwa zina zonse unayenera kubweretsedwa mu mzere ndi udindo wamba a Quran ndi Sunnah.

Panopa Shafi'i malamulo sukulu ambiri mwa Asilamu mu Middle East, komanso okhulupirika Asia South-East.

sukulu Hanbali wamaganizo

Woyambitsa njira malamulo ndi Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, amene anali kuphunzitsa zinthu zotsatirazi:

- Quran ndi Sunnah;

- maganizo a anzakewo (ngati pali kusiyana kulikonse maganizo kupereka mmalo wapafupi ndi lamulo la Qur'an mfundo);

- Qiyas, mwachitsanzo ndi poyerekeza ndi mavuto amene kale anatsimikiza amaganizira mfundo la Chivumbulutso;

- ijma - mfundo za mibadwo yambiri ya jurists.

sukulu amapereka kuchita kafukufuku pa nkhani onse achipembedzo, popanda kupanga kuchotserapo iliyonse.

Zipembedzo zosiyana?

Mazhabs asemphana mu Islam, waukulu umene ali zotsatirazi: hanabalitsky ku penipeni pa nthawi ino kwambiri amazindikira kutseka "zipata ijtihad". Dziwani kuti pansi pa mawu mwachindunji amatanthauza zinthu zaumulungu, umalimbana kuphunzira ndi kuthetsa mavuto a zovuta za maphunzira auzimu komanso dongosolo la mfundo, njira ndi mfundo ntchito ndondomeko ndi azaumulungu.

Onse malamulo ena kusukulu ina yomwe afika pozindikira kuti "makomo a ijtihad" ayenera kutsekedwa pankhani ya fiqh, kale kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane ndi kuchita zinthu ndi amene anayambitsa sukulu za maganizo ndi otsatira awo. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa nkhani akutulukira, lamulo limeneli sagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo imvera ziyenera kuvomerezedwa malamulo.

Tikumbukenso kuti ziphunzitso izi zonse za m'Baibulo, ndipo sanali kukhala kwayekha Chrixitu. Kani, mu chitukuko cha sukulu izi malamulo kucheza ndi azigwirizana. Kwambiri wosonyeza kuti mfundo imeneyi ndi ziphunzitso za amene anayambitsa deta nthawi imodzi ophunzira ndi otsatira a wina ndi mzake. Pa nkhani imeneyi, tanthauzo lenileni ndi chimango malamulo sukulu onse pafupifupi chimodzimodzi.

mtengo

Mazhab Islam ndi zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, wokhulupirira amene akunena kuti sayenera malangizo alionse a sukulu chilamulo, mwamsanga zokwanira mwina kusocheretsedwa ndipo oipitsitsa, kusocheretsa okhulupirira ena. Mipatuko mu Islam - ndondomeko zofunika imene wokhulupirira akhoza mosadalira kudziwa mlingo wa kudalirika kwa Hadith.

Iwo anapereka wokhulupirira mwayi kufotokoza chikhulupiriro chawo makhalidwe ndi kusankha njira imene wapafupi ndi maganizo zotengera malingaliridwe wa okhulupirira, yolondola.

Kodi muyenera kudziwa za mazhabs

Popeza ankachita ndi zimene mipatuko ali mu Islam, m'pofunika kulabadira chakuti iwo ali onse, popanda yekha, si zipembedzo ndi "masitaelo" tsiku ndi tsiku. Iwo amakhala ndi wokhulupirira mu moyo wamakono. Sitinganene kuti Mwachitsanzo, Sunni magulu a Islam Zoona kapena Zonama. Chilichonse cha ziphunzitso za okhulupirira aliyense kuti athe kupeza mfundo zabwino ndi zoipa.

Iwo alibe kusiyana lofunika kwa mnzake. kufunika kwagona kuti akhala benchmarks mu moyo wa Asilamu amene angatsogolere kupanga zisankho zinthu si ataphimbidwa ndi malamulo a Lemba.

Komabe, ngati wina sichidalira maziko a sukulu chilamulo, izi sizikutanthauza kuti iye analibe chikhulupiriro, ndipo ndithudi chochitika ichi sangathe yodziwika monga "tchimo".

Madhhab - si ponseponse kutsata ndi zimene wokhulupirira chimatsogoleredwa mu zochita tsiku ndi tsiku, zimene zimamuthandiza kusankha mwanzeru pankhani zina.

Choncho, chipembedzo cha Chisilamu, pali zambiri Kukhulupirira kuti alibe mafunso ndipo popanda kutanthauzira. Pakuti mfundo zimenezo zimaphatikizapo kukhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, chikhulupiriro mwa aneneri, Hajj ndi ena.

Pakuti mafunso ena, yankho limene pali kusiyana, pali otchedwa malamulo sukulu potengera nzeru, nkhaniyi, kumvetsa ndi kulemekeza maganizo a anthu ena.

ziphunzitso Orthodox musati ulembedwe malamulo a moyo wa okhulupirika, koma kuthandiza kusankha zoyenera mavuto ndi nkhani zovuta moyo.