Njira Bass-Darky. Njira Kupeza Vuto ndewu kufotokoza cholinga kutanthauzira zotsatira

Bass-Darky njira wakhala akufuna mu 60s Mu zaka zapitazo, koma wapeza mbali zambiri ndipo mwachangu ntchito. Pa ife tinena lero. Tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti njira imeneyi (mafunso Bass-Darky) - mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri masiku ano, ntchito kuwerenga maganizo achilendo phunziro la mokwiya. Tisanafotokoze kulankhura za bvutolo, muyenera chimatanthauza chiphunzitso cha mokwiya. ndi njira ya chiyambi chake, tanthauzo lake kwa munthu ndi chiyani? Pamodzi, tiyeni timalephera.

ndi olusa Kodi

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ntchito mokwiya - njira imodzi wotchuka kwambiri kuthetsa mavuto omwe angabuke munthu zokhumudwitsa zinthu (zovuta). zinthu yovuta chifukwa anthu m'maganizo, chimene chili chofunika kupirira.

kanthu Modzikhulupirira kungakhale njira kukwaniritsa zolinga zina zofunika. Iwo akhoza kukhala njira kukumana m'malo a oletsedwa zofuna maganizo kumaliseche. Komanso, mmene aukali chagwiritsidwa kuti kudziletsa watero ndi kudzikonda kuzindikira.

Mfundo za olusa

Kwa nthawi yaitali njira maganizo ndi ofuna mokwiya limanenedwa ngati ziphunzitso zimene ankaona kuti ndi zotsatira za kukhumudwa (Rosenzweig, Dollard), ndi mfundo za anyamata. mabuku ambiri pa phunziro anaonekera mu mochedwa 50 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Ntchito izi chifukwa cha inflow ntchito ongolankhula ndi experimental pa nkhaniyi, zomwe zikuphatikizapo Ayankhe Bass-Darky.

Njira imeneyi si yekha amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito lerolino. Today pali maganizo ambiri mokwiya. Wotchuka wa iwo - K. Lorenz ndi Freud. Aliyense ziphunzitso ali view yakeyake chiwawa, komanso maganizo awo kwa iyo. Chifukwa ichi angapeze mbali wamba ndi m'magulu 4 chachikulu. Tiuzeni mwachidule za aliyense wa iwo.

Olusa - kobadwa nako gawo

Olusa tinganene kuti ngati chuma kapena uthenga kobadwa nako. Ndiko kuti, ndi chibadidwe ife chibadwire mawonekedwe khalidwe, akuchita pa mlingo m'matumbo. Otsatira mfundo zokhudza gulu ili, mokwiya imatengedwa ngati katundu ufulu, chibadwa analinganiza. Kale chili mwa izo ndi kuwonetseredwa mu moyo. Olusa, monga otsatira a ziphunzitso izi, sikutheka kuthetseratu. Chabwino, ife tikhoza kuchepetsa mmene iye.

Olusa akhoza lizilamuliridwa

ziphunzitso zina amaona kuti ndi chiwonetsero cha njira chidziwitso ndi maganizo. Mfundo imeneyi zinachokera pa chikhulupiriro kuti aliyense wa ife akhoza kulamulira olusa pa maziko a zinachitikira yotengedwa ndi luso moyo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kukhala wokhoza kupereka zowopseza osiyanasiyana, komanso bwino kuonanso izi kapena zinthu zina pangozi.

Olusa - kufunika

Olusa akhoza kuwamva monga kufunika kwaiye zinthu zina ndi zikuchitika. Mmene ichi, amaonedwa monga mokakamiza, amene anazindikira mwachindunji mchikakamizo cha zikuchitika osiyanasiyana akunja. "Mwala chiphunzitso cha mokwiya" ndi maziko a mfundo imeneyi. Iwo anali okonza ndi KATSWIRI American ndi zamaganizo John Dollard. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, kukhumudwa kumabweretsa waukali, Ndithu mtundu wina, ndi yamasika, nayenso, nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kukhumudwa.

Olusa - kumasonyeza zinachitikira chikhalidwe

njira ina mokwiya - kuwona ngati umboni wa chochitika chenicheni chikhalidwe. Ndiko kuti, ndi chitsanzo cha khalidwe chikhalidwe anagula mu njira ya chitukuko. zochita Modzikhulupirira zimachitika anthu pambuyo iye anali zikufanana kapena kuonera kumuyang'ana iye kuchokera kumbali. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kudzikundikira ndi ntchito wotsatira wa zinachitikira.

mavuto ndi olusa

Popeza kusanthula maganizo otchuka kwambiri pa ganizo la "mokwiya", tikhoza kunena kuti m'pofunika kumvetsa mmene yowononga chinachititsa khalidwe zosemphana ndi malamulo ndi malamulo a padziko mmadera. Khalidweli amachititsa zoipa ndi zopanda moyo kapena zamoyo chinthu kuukira. Izo zimayambitsa iwo kupwetekedwa kapena kungawatseke nkhawa, nkhawa, maganizo, maganizo oipa, ndiye kuti, maganizo nkhawa.

Lingaliro la mokwiya ndi kuwunika kwake

Ndewu - wapadera quality, chuma cha munthu, amene amakhala ndi zilakolako zowononga, makamaka m'dera ubale nkhani chinthu. Payload chigawo angafune munthu ntchito yolenga. Zosowa munthu luso kupanga wovulala ndi kuchotsa timakumana ndi mavuto onse zinthu zimene ndondomeko imeneyi.

Ofufuza apeza kuti ndewu ali makhalidwe kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe. Ngati katundu wina aliyense, zovuta izo zimasiyanasiyana pakalibe pafupifupi malire mlingo wa chitukuko. Linanena ndi digiri ake ayenera kukhala munthu aliyense. Chosowa conformality kumabweretsa ndewu, mapepala, passivity ndi T. D. M'malomwake, chitukuko kwambiri akhoza yodziwika monga munthu zosemphana ambiri, amene alibe luso mgwirizano sadziwa.

Ndewu mwa iko kupanga munthu mwadala oopsa mutu. Inde, pa dzanja limodzi, ubale umene ulipo pakati pa ofuna ndewu, sangatengedwe kukhala okhwima. Angathe kuyambitsa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Komano, kuchita mokwiya iyoyomwe siingakhoze m'njira wokanika mwadala oopsa.

Ndewu - ntchito njiru

Ndewu mu chikumbumtima tsiku ndi tsiku - ponena mawu monga "ntchito njiru". Komabe, makhalidwe achionongeko palokha alibe za "njiru". Izo zimapanga amenewa cholinga ntchito, kuti ndi mfundo kuti tikwaniritse kuti ndi ntchito izi zikuchitika. Action angaoneke kukhala ofanana, koma zigawo zikuluzikulu angalimbikitsire choncho mwachindunji zosiyana.

Awiri mitundu olusa

Olusa akhoza anapambulwa pa pamwamba, mu mitundu 2 chachikulu. Choyamba - angalimbikitsire wolusa ngati ndi wosafunika. Mtundu wachiwiri wa mokwiya - chida, anawona ngati njira. Iwo anazindikira kuti iwo akhoza kutenga malo pansi pa ulamuliro wa chikumbu mtima chathu, ndipo popanda izo. Komanso, mitundu onse imakhudzana ndi zokumana maganizo monga mkwiyo ndi udani.

Zamaganizo ndi madokotala chidwi kwambiri ndendende angalimbikitsire waukali, ankaona ngati kusonyezedwa kukhazikitsa zizoloŵezi zowononga chibadidwe munthu. Ngati inu kudziwa mlingo wa mumaganiza izi, izo zitakhala zotheka molondola kwambiri kulosera Mwina mpata angalimbikitsire mokwiya munthu. Mmodzi mwa anthu amenewo njira yodziwira Umutu ndi mafunso Bass-Darky. Njira yofunika kwa ife, anayamba kupanga mu 1957 ndi ofufuza American, limene chikutchedwa mayina otsiriza.

Kugwiritsa njira Bass-Darky

Mu maphunziro achilendo, kafukufuku ameneyu anali ponseponse. Iwo anatsimikizira yokhulupirika mkulu ndipo unali woyenerera. Ndipo mu ntchito zapakhomo likukhudza Ayankhe Bass-Darky. Methodology anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito, makamaka SN Yenikolopov mu 1989. Komabe, pa zitsanzo zoweta deta yake standardization ali palibepo.

Asayansi dziwani kuti njira ya Bass-Darky kwa Kupeza Vuto ndewu mu Kupenda zinthu si kutetezedwa ena angalimbikitsire kupotozedwa. Yankho amadalira Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la munthuyo, kuyambira pamaziko chikhalidwe. Komanso, lolondola zotsatira chimadalira pa mlingo wa chikhulupiriro mu ubale ndi mayeso maganizo, pamene ntchito Mdima-Bass njira matenda a ndewu. Choncho, zotsatira ayenera kufufuza retest kudalirika ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso m'masukulu ndi ophunzira (ku kalasi 6 ndipo pamwamba) ndi aphunzitsi anali ndithu diagnosticity ndi zaphindu kwa zina ntchito choipa. Panopa njira Bass-Darky ankagwiritsa ntchito. Cholinga cha ntchito zake takambiranazi, kuli tsopano kofunikira kudziwa kamba zofunika.

Kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro udani ndi olusa

A. Bass, rebounding ku chitukuko cha akalambula ake, ali kusiyanitsidwa mfundo nafe ndiponso mwaukali. Choyamba limanenedwa ngati anachita zomwe akufotokozera ziyenera zoipa zochitika ndi anthu, maganizo oipa. Njira kuphunzira mokwiya Bass-Darky zikusonyeza zosiyanasiyana za mawonekedwe osiyana udani ndi mokwiya. Mitundu ya zochita zimene asayansi olekanitsidwa pa nthawi yomweyo, motere.

Mitundu mayankho

1. thupi waukali, umene ndi ntchito ya munthu wina ndi mphamvu.

2. sitipereka umalimbana kupatutsidwa kwa msewu kwa munthu wina kapena ayi amalandira aliyense.

3. kuyabwa, mwachitsanzo kufunitsitsa kuti poona pa maganizo pang'ono negative. Angagwiritsidwenso chimatanthauza mwano, wamtima wapachala.

4. negativism woimira m'njira khalidwe oppositional. Izo zikhoza kuonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuyambira kukana chabe kuti amenyane malamulo ndi miyambo.

5. Kudana, ndiye, nsanje kapena mkwiyo pa anthu ena zochita zina, kungoganiza kapena zenizeni.

6. kukayikirana, amene siyana mu osiyanasiyana chisamaliro ndi sakhulupirira anthu azikhulupirira kuti chagwiritsidwa kapena kukonza mavuto.

7. china mtundu wa anachita - wapakamwa mokwiya. Ichi ndi chionetsero cha maganizo oipa onse kudzera mayankho (mau kuwaopseza, matemberero), ndipo kudzera mawonekedwe (squeal, kulira).

8. mlandu akuimira chikhulupiriro anthu zotheka kuti ndi osauka molakwika analandira. Izi mulinso ndi chisoni maganizo iwo.

Kutsiriza za njira Bass-Mdima, dziwani kuti mafunso limapangidwa 75 zonena. Iwo ayenera kukhala pansi bwino kuyankha kapena "inde" kapena "ayi." Pamaziko a digiri izi ayesedwa cha ndewu anthu. Ife titembenuzire tsopano kuti njira ya kutanthauzira zotsatira.

kutanthauzira zotsatira

njira processing Bass-Darky movutikira chachikulu. Mafunso ndi kukonza moti mtundu umodzi wokha wa mokwiya. Komanso, zotsatira za njira Bass-Darky zosavuta kumasulira chifukwa china kuti zotsatira za chiyanjo poyera kuyankha pazipita lafooka.

Wakudziko ndewu malinga Rogovu E. I., - mtengo wa index ake, amene ndi wofanana 21 ± 4. Monga udani, ayenera kukhala mu uthunthu 6,5-7 ± 3. Galimoto Hvana A. A. pang'ono zosavuta, koma si zovuta njira kuphunzira mokwiya monga njira ya Bass-Darky. Kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira za Hvanu A. A. lotsatira. ambiri yaiwisi, yagoletsa pa chilichonse lonse, kuti kuchulukitsa ndi koyefishienti wa. Cholinga chake - kubweretsa zambiri zana mfundo pazipita lililonse lonse, amene amapereka njira Bass-Darky kwa Kupeza Vuto ndewu.

Kutanthauzira Komabe, si bwino kwathunthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, muyenera kudziwa kuti waukali, umene ndi chuma cha munthu, komanso waukali, anamvetsa monga mwa khalidwe akhoza kusanthula yekha mu kusanthula maganizo onse cosowa angalimbikitsire dera la munthu. Apo ayi, zotsatira akhale olakwika. Choncho, njira imeneyi (Bass-mafunso Mdima) ntchito limodzi ndi ena, monga njira projective (mwachitsanzo, Lusher) ndi umunthu ayesa zinthu zosiyana maganizo (Spielberg, Cattell).