Ntchito yojambula yokongoletsera anthu: mitundu

Kukongoletsa Folk Art m'dziko lathu ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe otchuka. Zithunzi ndakatulo, maganizo, wa chibadidwe, misewu ndipo anamvetsa mwa anthu onse. Iwo umachititsa lingaliro la kukongola, zimathandiza kuti apange umunthu mogwirizana otukuka. Kuchokera pa miyambo yakale luso kukongoletsa luso kuli ndi ubwino pa maphunziro a munthu wa m'tsogolo. Ntchito kuti analengedwa kuchokera amisiri anthu, ndi kusonyeza chikondi kwa dziko lakwawo, kukhoza ndi kuona kukongola kwa dziko.

The mitundu chachikulu cha luso kukongoletsa

Kwa zaka kupanga zoweta mabanja osauka, ndipo kuyambira XVIII-XIX zaka zamanja, kupereka m'matauni ndi m'midzi ya ziwiya osiyanasiyana dongo, matabwa ndi zitsulo, nsalu tinkawasindikiza zidole ceramic ndi matabwa, makalapeti ndi ena. Kutchuka kwambiri anafika wotchuka ndi kuwala kwake ndi kukondwera Gorodets kupenta pa nkhuni, Dymkovo mafanowa ndi whistles ya dongo, lukutinskih utoto mabokosi lacquer. Aliyense wa zinthu izi - mankhwala a wowerengeka kukongoletsa luso. Matabwa golide - Khokhloma kupenta - ndi chidwi chachikulu mu Russia ndi mayiko ena.

zamanja oyamba mu Far East, Russian North, Siberia ndi Caucasus. Atatchuka zitsulo processing mu Dagestani Kubachi, ceramic kupenta mu Balkhar, notching nkhuni siliva Untsukul. Folk kukongoletsa luso, mitundu ya ndiwo yosiyanasiyana, akuimira mu madera osiyana a dziko lathu lalikulu.

Vologda zingwe - Folk Kukongoletsa Art

Vologda zingwe zatchuka zilembo European kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII. Ndipo mu nthawi yathu, alendo ambiri molakwa kuti yokhotakhota zingwe mu Russia okha Vologda. Ndipotu Elec, Kirishi, Vyatka komanso ndi chifukwa chonyaditsa malonda awo. Pafupifupi onsewo ndi zizindikiro zawo osiyana. Choncho, chidwi kwambiri Mikhailovskoe akuda zingwe. Mu dziko lathu, apeza osati zochepa wotchuka kuposa Vologda. Komabe, ngati mazana zapitazo, izo zinali mu Vologda kupita chozizwitsa moyera-.

openwork kusema

Openwork kusema decorates zinthu zopangidwa mafupa a kukula yaing'ono: mabokosi, mabokosi zodzikongoletsera, pakhosi zosonyeza, zokometsera zomanga. Zojambula Kukongoletsa Folk Art - Bone zingwe - kotero mwa ndakatulo wotchedwa openwork kusema.

Ambiri ntchito mitundu itatu ya chokongoletsera mu kudula fupa:

• Zojambula - interweaving mizere ndi zokhotakhota.
• Masamba.
• Rocaille - stylization mawonekedwe a zikamba za nkhono ndi.

Njira openwork ulusi ntchito kulenga nyimbo zochokera chokongoletsera ndi chiwembu. The zopangira ndi wamba ng'ombe fupa.

Ntchito zabwino za openwork kusema amafuna zipangizo zapadera: Singano, scribing, Klepikov, jigsaws.

Beading

Beading ayenera kunyadira mbiri yaitali, monga amachita mikanda ya. Anthu a ku Egypt kale poyamba katswiri luso la kuluka mikanda zovuta pamaziko a mikanda wamng'ono wachikuda la galasi, ndipo chokongoletsedwa zovala zawo. Koma kwenikweni maluwa mkanda kupanga m'zaka za chakhumi. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu a Venice wapatali zidule za malonda. Mikanda chokongoletsedwa m'zikwama mwanaalirenji ndi zikwama zam'manja, nsapato, zovala ndi zinthu zina nifty.

Pamene mikanda anaonekera mu America, iye m'malo mwa zipangizo za makolo ntchito ndi anthu zamakolo. Apa iwo nakonza mchikuta madengu, ndolo, wopera.

anthu a Far North anali chokongoletsedwa ndi nsapato beaded nsalu, zovala, mphalapala zingwe, mipango.

nsalu

Batik - penti nsalu ndi manja ake ntchito dongosolo chikukonzekera. Technology zachokera kuona kuti ndi zomatira labala, paraffin, pamene ntchito kwa nsalu si anadutsa utoto yokha.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya nsalu - nodular, wotentha, Shibori, ozizira.

Dzina "nsalu" Indonesia, kutanthauza "kudzatunga", "zimaswa", "kuphimba madontho."

kupenta wakhala ntchito kuyambira Kale anthu a India ndi Indonesia. Ku Ulaya, nsalu wabwera mu zaka mazana makumi awiri.

kupenta

pachithunzipa ndi imodzi mwa njira amakezana luso kukongoletsa. Zinali kwa zaka ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe cha m'dera moyo wa anthu. Mu folklore Russian, mtundu uwu wa luso kukongoletsa ambiri.

Pano pali mitundu ya kupenta:

• Zhostovo kupenta - amadziwika Russian luso, amene anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XIX m'mudzi Zhostovo, Suli kutali Moscow. Adzaupereka kwa handicrafts wotchuka, amene analenga Russian wowerengeka luso. Wotchuka Zhostov trays zojambulidwa ndi dzanja. Nthawi zambiri akuonetsedwa bouquets a maluwa pa wakuda maziko.
• kupenta Gorodets - luso, amene anaonekera mu zaka za m'ma XIX mu mzinda wa Gorodets. Chithunzi kuwala osiyana ndi conciseness. Mitu izo - mafano a akavalo, zithunzi mtundu wanyimbo, dongosolo zamaluwa. Chokongoletsedwa zitseko, mawindo, mipando, kupota mawilo.
• Khokhloma kupenta - mmodzi wa zamanja wamkulu. Zikuoneka mu XVII m'ma Khokhloma, pafupi Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma kupenta - kukongoletsa kupenta zinthu matabwa, anapanga pa golide maziko a wakuda, wofiira, nthawi zina wobiriwira. Pambuyo kudziyerekeza ikuchitika ❖ kuyanika mankhwala zikuchokera wapadera ndi processing katatu mu ng'anjo omwe amakwaniritsa wapadera uchi-golide mtundu. Chifukwa cha miyambo Khokhloma ndi zipatso rowan ndi sitiroberi wofiira, nthambi ndi maluwa. Nthawi zambiri nyimbo ofotokozedwa nyama, nsomba ndi mbalame, akudziwitsa zichitike ntchito chenicheni cha anthu kukongoletsa luso. Matabwa golide - kotero mChipangano Khokhloma kupenta.

Bwino nkhani zosiyanasiyana zamanja national ntchito ku sukulu ya mkaka chitukuko cha ana.

Dymkovo chidole

Zamgululi Kirov ambuye kukwapula dongosolo yowala ndi kufanana sagwirizana nazo ndi mawonekedwe. Onse elate atavala, chokongoletsedwa, utoto wabwino madona-frantihi, ponies, roosters, mbuzi. Dymkovo chidole poyamba anaonekera mu 1811. Pa tchuthi Vjatskom anagulitsa zidole dongo utoto. zidole Clay zinalengedwa ambuye Dymkovo m'mudzimo. Iwo anachita izo ndi mabanja awo.

Tsopano fakitale umabala Dymkovo zidole, ntchito mu Kirov.

filimonovo chidole

No zochepa wotchuka wowerengeka luso ali malo m'mudzi Filimonovo pafupi Tula, kumene timabadwa zidole kwambiri dongo. Anthu ndi nyama, kupangidwa ndi m'misili, akalumikidzidwa osiyana zapamwamba ndi expressiveness kwambiri. wamba ichi, madona, amuna, ng'ombe, okwera akavalo, ndi nkhosa. zidole Filimonov sangakhoze kusokonezedwa ndi wina, atenga mbali awo wapadera mu mawonekedwe a sculpting ndiponso kupenta. Iwo amasewera mitundu yonse ya utawaleza.

The mwana, amene anaona filimonovo chidole okhala sanali muyezo mtundu ndi mawonekedwe, lingathandize zilandiridwenso.

Kargopol chidole

Kargopol - mzinda wakale, amene anthu akhala chinkhoswe mu mbiya. Makamaka iwo anapanga mbale, koma ena ojambula zithunzi chinkhoswe mu chidole dongo. Komabe, mu 1930 pa nsomba kwafika ziyambe kukonzedwa. Kubwezeretsa Kargopol zokambirana chinachitika mu 1967.

Kargopol zidole yang'anani mosamalitsa kwambiri ndi maziko a yowala Dymkovo ndi Filimonovsky. mtundu gamut mpaka bulauni, wakuda ndi mdima wobiriwira mtundu. Pali zambiri zosangalatsa, losavuta, koma pa nthawi yomweyo breathable chikondi ndi nthabwala. Izi wamba akazi, amuna bearded, chidole ndi gudumu kupota.

Gzhel ziwiya za kukhitchini

Near Moscow kuli mudzi wa Gzhel. Kuyambira m'zaka 14 kumeneko ankachita mbiya. Pakati mbale amene amawalola Kvasnikov - mbale ndi zidole kuti utoto mitundu zofiirira ndi lachikasu wobiriwira zoumbaumba. Tsopano zadothi chikalata Gzheli, ndi dziko wotchuka. Chifukwa cha ichi - mawonekedwe wapadera ndi mamangidwe. Gzhel zadothi osiyana buluu kupenta, anapanga pa maziko woyera. Komabe, buluu si chogwirizana. Ngati inu kuyang'anitsitsa, mukhoza kudziwa mithunzi wochenjera ndi theka malankhulidwe, zimabweretsa malingaliro a buluu, mtsinje komanso nyanja madzi. Kuwonjezera pa mbale Gzheli kubala zidole ndi ziboliboli yaing'ono. Onse amene amasangalatsa mbuye Akumenya chiyanjano cha thupi ndi wokhutira. Ichi ndi chidutswa lenileni la anthu kukongoletsa luso. Gzhel kugula aliyense maloto.

Tirhana kukongoletsa ku sukulu ya mkaka

Luso ojambula zithunzi wowerengeka ndi kakatundu osati kwa akulu. Nkofunika ana, amene akhoza kuimba ndi mtima komanso ndi Matryoshka nkhuni ndipo zidole dongo Kirov amisiri. Art lingathandize chidwi cha anthu malingaliro choyambirira cha ana, ndi zithunzi zokongola. M'pomveka kuti ana, popeza wokhutira ndi yosavuta kumva, koma pa nthawi yomweyo atsegula pamaso pa kukongola mwana wa padzikoli. Apa ndi ankakonda zithunzi Fairy-nthano za nyama, wokhala dongo kapena nkhuni, ndi zokongoletsa ndi maluwa, zipatso ndi masamba, osati masomphenya moyo. Master, chinkhoswe mu zotsimikizira zidole dongo, nthawi zambiri kujambula ntchito dongosolo awo mosiyanasiyana zojambula: n'kupanga, mphete, mabwalo. Chiwerengerochi alinso anamvetsa ana. Onse dongo ndi mankhwala nkhuni kindergartens si mkati yokongola. Kutsogoleredwa ndi mphunzitsi odziwa, anyamata ndi kuyang'ana kwambiri pa iye, kuchita zojambula zawo ndi kumutsatira potengera zitsanzo za handicrafts.

Kukongoletsa Folk Art ku sukulu ya mkaka ndi mbali ya moyo wa ana, kuwabweretsa iwo chimwemwe, kuwonjezera M'maso, wakulimbira kulimbikitsa kukoma luso. Mu chisanadze sukulu sukulu akhale okwanira handicrafts. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kukongoletsa Interiors a magulu, kasinthidwe iwo patapita kanthawi. Art zidutswa asonyezedwa ana pamene imachitika nkhani za amisiri wowerengeka. zinthu zonse ziyenera kusungidwa mu makabati kuphunzira pedagogy. Iwo ayenera nthawi zonse kusinthidwa ndi kugawidwa kwa nsomba. ana aang'ono tiyenera kukhala, zidole zosangalatsa anatembenuka zidole zamatabwa. gulu pakati pa anyamata bwino wosakanikirana Filimonov ndi Kargopol. magulu ana okulirapo ndi mwayi ku mitundu yonse ya zidole wowerengeka, kuphatikizapo dongo ndipo matabwa.

Kukongoletsa akamaumba ku sukulu ya mkaka ndi amasamalila ana mbale, zosiyanasiyana kanjedza mitu ya zidole wowerengeka. Komanso, ana akhoza kupanga zokongoletsera zidole yaing'ono, mphatso Moms, grandmothers, ndi alongo, kuti holide March 8.

Mchikakamizo cha maphunziro ndi nkhani lokhudza dziko ndipo ana kwambiri chidwi amatchula mafanizo pa mitu ya Russian nkhani wowerengeka. Folk zidole chuma cha anthu ake spurring malingaliro a mwana mu mawerengeredwe m'kalasi, kupanga nzeru watanthauzo za dziko lozungulira iye. Makalasi ntchito mafanizo a zinthu wowerengeka luso kupereka ana mwayi kukhala ndi maganizo.

Komabe, zotsatira zabwino izi zimatheka ngati mwana zonse ndi mwadongosolo atchule nzika za Tirhana na Timatheriyali. Kuchokera pa chidziwitso kulenga ndi manja awo ntchito kukongoletsa. Akawaitanira kubereka ntchito wowerengeka kukongoletsa luso (chilichonse). Photos, ngati pamaso pa ntchito yokha, kuthandiza mwana kulingalira kuti adzayandikira kapena sculpt.

Kufuna ana kuchita chilengedwe cha zinthu zokongola mwachuluka kulimbana chidwi cha mphunzitsi pa nkhani zimenezi. Iye ayenera kudziwa zamanja Folk, kuuzidwa za mbiri ya maonekedwe awo. Ngati mphunzitsi amadziwa zamanja dziko monga izi kapena kuti chidole, ndipo mukhoza kukhala chidwi kulankhula za ambuye kupanga zidole awa, ana adzakhala chidwi, ndipo iwo adzakhala ndi mtima wofuna kukhala kulenga.

Chabwino luso mu sukulu ya pulayimale

Kukongoletsa Folk Art kusukulu khanda amalola ana kubwerera ku akasupe a chikhalidwe dziko, cholowa chathu chauzimu. Masiku ano, kuphunzira chuma dziko chikhalidwe - Ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ya maphunziro abwino a ana, kuwapatutsa mu dziko lawo la dziko lawo. Mu zamanja wowerengeka ophatikizidwa moyo wa mtunduwu kudzutsidwa kukumbukira mbiri ya mibadwo. Mulereni zonse kunachitika umunthu, kukulitsa kuyenera kwake abwino, zokongoletsa kulawa, ana sangakhale, ngati nkhani za ntchitoyi kuchepetsedwa ndi maganizo chabe. Ndipotu, ntchito ya aluso ali fanizo la makhalidwe abwino a khalidwe national: ndi kudzutsidwa kulemekeza mbiri yake ndi miyambo, kukonda dziko lonse ndi ku malo kumene anabadwira makamaka, kudzichepetsa, chikhumbo cha kukongola, lingaliro la chiyanjano.

Kodi kukonza ndondomeko maphunziro kuti chikondi cha dziko sanali wokongola mawu, koma kwenikweni chofanana chofunika lamkati la achinyamata? Kodi tingatani ngati palibe zisudzo zosonyeza starkly mutu wakutemwa? M'magazini ino kumene, pamafunika munthu njira Integrated. Ntchito maphunziro makhalidwe zokongoletsa ayenera analankhula systemically.

The mwana anamvetsa chimene chinali kuchitika, iwo akufuna kuti tione phunziro la anthu kukongoletsa luso (chilichonse). Chitsanzo cha ntchito imeneyi kudzakuthandizani kumvetsa nkhaniyo.

The zaka ano amafuna chithandizo kunachokera kwambiri luso. Yosungirako, augmentation luso wowerengeka, kupanga miyambo - ngati ntchito yovuta akukumana aphunzitsi, ojambula zithunzi.

Chabwino luso kusekondale

Akamakula, ana kumvetsa zambiri zimene ntchito wowerengeka kukongoletsa luso. Kalasi 6 mwadongosolo amafufuza funso limeneli.

Pulogalamu ntchito phunziro la maluso abwino mu sitandade 6 amapereka mitundu itatu chachikulu cha ntchito yolenga:

1. Graphic opareshoni (kupenta, zojambula).
2. ntchito kukongoletsa (zokongoletsera, zojambula, appliques).
3. Zochitika dziko kupita (kukambirana).

mitundu izi kulola ana kuti ayanjane ndi muzochitika za luso. Kale mu njira ya chikondi zimaonekeratu mwapafupi malo awa ndi momwe iwo azigwirizana m'kati kuthetsa ntchito chitsanzo cha pulogalamu. A kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane n'kofunika kugonjetsera chidutswa chilichonse cha anthu kukongoletsa luso. Kalasi 6 - nthawi ya chitukuko cha kukoma luso.

Zojambulidwa bwino ndi kusukulu pafupi zedi ndi zinthu zina. Limagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuwapeza kuphunzira mabuku, nyimbo, Chirasha, mbiri, luso, zamoyo. Izi zimathandiza kudziwa tanthauzo yeniyeni ya maphunziro a luso labwino, kufunikanso awo kwambiri. Njira mabuku komanso akuphunziridwa mutu monga "ntchito za anthu kukongoletsa luso". Nkhani (kalasi 6) zimathandiza wophunzirayo kusonyeza zokhudza. Ana amayamikira mankhwala a amisiri. Iwo ayenera kukhala ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito ndi kufotokoza ntchito wowerengeka kukongoletsa luso (chilichonse). 5-6 ziganizo wachina chilichonse adzachita kokwanira.

Kukongoletsa Folk Art ndi Russia

Ndipo Tatarstan ndi madera ena Russian anakhudzidwa wowerengeka luso. Chitata kukongoletsa ntchito yowala ndi m'zigawozigawo. Iwo inayambira nthawi akale acikunja - VII-VIII atumwi. Mu Kazan Khanate wa Volga Bulgaria ndi chitukuko cha luso ankangokhalira kutsatira miyambo Chisilamu. Tonga azimuth anali zosiyanasiyana wa maluwa ndi mapangidwe zamaluwa. Mtundu wa chitsanzo ambiri kumaonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana za Chitata luso. Zokongoletsa kukometsera nsalu, zithunzi chikopa, matabwa kusema ndi mwala, ziwiya zadothi, zodzikongoletsera, Zilembozo zinkasonyeza. Zoomorphic kalembedwe kofala Bulgaria ambuye mankhwala a nthawi zachikunja.

The peculiarity wa Russian kukongoletsa luso ndi chikhalidwe misa. The Russian kukongoletsa luso zambiri mosadziwika. Gambs mipando ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali Faberge, kupatulapo osati lamulo. ambuye mosaonetsera analenga katswiri wa kupenta, kuluka, ziwiya ndi zidole. Luso yopanga Russia ayenera kunyadira chilengedwe cha mfundo zazikulu zosiyanasiyana.

Umboni woyamba wa chitukuko mkulu wa kulipira ndi zodzikongoletsera mafakitale angapezeke pa Asikuti ndipo mafuko amene ankakhala mu gawo anatambasula ku Nyanja Black kwa Siberia. Apa, mwayi unapatsidwa kwa kalembedwe Msukuti nyama. Kumpoto Asilavo, anakumana ndi anthu okhala Scandinavia, zidutswa chokongoletsera monga matupi anthu ndi nyama, zomwe fancifully zapiringizana. Mu Urals Finno-Ugric mafuko anapanga mphinjiri ndi zithunzi za zimbalangondo ndi nkhandwe, ndi mtengo, mwala kapena mkuwa.

zokambirana chizindikiro-kupenta anali kwambiri mu Russia. Mu Palekh wa dera Ivanovo anayamba chabwino kwambiri kupenta kakang'ono nkhani zongopeka wowerengeka ndi nyimbo ndi wakuda lacquer. Ku Byzantium wakale anabwera kwa ife filigree luso cloisonne enamel, mitundu, beading, wakuda, chosema openwork nkhuni ndi fupa. M'zaka za m'ma XVII kukongoletsa luso yapangidwa chitukuko cha ulimi luso. Iwo utoto enamel Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod ulusi pa kwake, blackening pa siliva Great Ustyug. Ntchito aluso wowerengeka wa kukongoletsa luso chokongoletsedwa akachisi ndi nyumba za mafumu.

Pa nthawi ya Peter analowa otchuka zinthu Western: mipando, faience. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XVIII galasi chiyambi kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito. MV Lomonosov katswiri luso la galasi, kalirole ndi zithunzi smalt. mapulani luso la XVIII ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka anayamba XIX ntchito kukongoletsa zinthu chokongoletsera mkati. Ena mwa mapulani a m'nthawi imeneyo anayamba ntchito yake ndi ntchito zokongoletsa, monga Rossi ndi Voronikhin. Mapu ndi otchuka Russia atapereka malamulo ambiri makampani amene anatha kukwaniritsa luso pamwamba. Izi makampani monga Kuznetsovsky zomera mbiya ndi dongo zadothi fakitale Popovski.

Kuphunzira luso wowerengeka ndi zamanja limasonyeza kuti popularization luso wowerengeka m'njira yabwino amakhudza akulu ndi ana omwe. Izi zikutibweretsa kukoma zokongoletsa, kumalimbikitsa maonekedwe a zosoŵa zauzimu, amayambitsa mtima wonyada dziko ndi anthu. Ndipotu chodabwitsa zokongola zinthu zinalengedwa mwa ojambula zithunzi wowerengeka, anthu amene chikhalidwe anapatsa talente, m'maganizo ndi kukoma mtima.