Nthano ya NA Nekrasov "Kwa Yemwe Ali ku Russia Akukhala Bwino": mafano, zizindikiro, mwachidule kubwereza. Kodi ndi ndani amene amakhala ku Russia?

Kumayambiriro a 1866 lina "Sovremennik" magazini kanatuluka St. Petersburg, ndipo anatsegula mizere, amene tsopano podziwa pafupifupi zonse:

"Mu chaka chimene - kuwerenga,

Mu pansi - kupeka ... "

mawu awa anali kudzatunga owerenga mu zodabwitsa Fairy-nthano dziko, ndipo ali nawo kuyambira mu retelling mwachidule magazini "Kukhala bwino mu Russia." M'kupita kwa nthawi, ambiri aphunzira zambiri adzakhala chodabwitsa mbalame warbler, kulankhula anthu, matsenga tablecloth ndi zinthu zambiri zina, zopaka kukumbukira owerenga lero. Zinali mosatekeseka amayamba retelling mwachidule "Kukhala bwino mu Russia", limene limatiuza za Zopatsa a amuna asanu ndi awiri amene anaganiza kubetcherana amene ali kusangalala ndi moyo kwaulere m'dziko kwawo.

mfundo zofunika

Ndakatulo "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" ndi chimake cha chilengedwe N. A. Nekrasova, ndipo anakulitsa lingaliro motalika kokwanira kukhazikitsa ntchito imeneyi, zaka zoposa khumi mu zolemba lemba. Ngakhale kuti sanali kutsindikiza kutsiriza ndakatulo ichi, ophatikizapo ndi chachikulu kwambiri kufunika chikhalidwe.

Zojambula lili ndi mitu anayi, amene amaphatikizidwa ndi mzake ndi kuwauza nkhani ya mmene anthu akhapokanyisana pyakuti chimwemwe mu Russia. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo anayesa woyamba kusankha yekha zomwe olemekezeka osiyanasiyana, koma mapeto anakana chabe kukumana ndi ena Magulu a anthu, chifukwa chakuti iwo (ngati wolemba) anayesa kupeza ndendende chimwemwe cha anthu.

Chiwembu cha ndakatuloyi umachitika mu mawonekedwe a kuyenda kuti amalola wolemba ntchito zosiyanasiyana zojambula mu ndondomeko ya kufotokoza zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kale m'mawu oyamba a wolemba amatisonyeza Izitu n'zovutitsa wochenjera za pano Russian zenizeni, kusonyeza izo mu maina yoyenera midzi: Gorelov, Dyryavina, Razutova, Neelova ndi ena ambiri.

Kuyamba

Kale oyamba chimasonyeza chithunzi cha wamba izi Russia, ukuoneka khalidwe chachikulu cha ntchito - mlimi wamba, zikuoneka chimodzimodzi monga chiyenera kukhala mu mfundo: mu leggings, ndi odula nsapato ndi zonse njala ndi akuchedwa chisoni chawo.

Kamodzi mu "Contemporary" magazini lofalitsidwa lalifupi lofotokozera "Kukhala bwino mu Russia", zaka zitatu zapita, ndipo pokhapokha ngati buku la ndakatulo wakhala makutu, koma aliyense kawirikawiri pansi okhwima kwambiri kufufuza pa mbali ya boma tsarist, amakhulupirira kuti mankhwala ali okhutira yonyansa kwambiri. Makamaka, mutu lomaliza anyozedwa, ambiri adziwe dzina lake "Phwando." Mwatsoka, wolemba ankangoona ndi retelling mwachidule "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia", ndi buku m'machaputala ena onse, iye anali anakwanitsa mukuyigwira, chifukwa popanda kukhota aliyense ndi mabala ndakatulo imeneyi lofalitsidwa pambuyo pa mapeto a October kuukira boma.

ndakatulo iyi mu ntchito ya Nekrasov wapatsidwa malo chapakati, ndipo maganizo ndi kulenga pachimake, zotsatira zake zomalizira za wolemba maganizo za tsoka anthu, chimwemwe, komanso njira ya ku izo. maganizo onsewa anali wamkulu kwa ndakatulo moyo wake wonse, ndi zonse zimaonekera zolemba zosiyanasiyana. "Orin, mayi wa msilikali", "Kwanjanji", "Frost, Red Mphuno" - zonsezi ntchito zofunika, amene wolemba yafika ndakatulo "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia". Wamba ndiponso mlimi - ndi zilembo zazikulu cha chilengedwe ichi, zimene zimasonyeza vuto monga zofunikila ngati nkotheka.

The ndondomeko ya kulemba

Zaka zingapo chotero ndinam'patsa ntchito pa ndakatulo, kutchula izo wake "ankakonda mwana." Pomaliza, iye anayesetsa kuti akhale weniweni "lotchuka," anawatcha "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia". Wamba kapena mlimi wa nthawi kuti ayenera ataona chithunzithunzi chenicheni cha moyo ndi ana akanakhoza kumvetsa mmene m'masiku amenewo, anthu ambiri amakhulupilira.

Nekrasov ananena kuti nkhaniyo anapeza kuti mupereke chirichonse chidziwitso chanu pa anthu, ndipo onse amene anamva pa milomo ya anthu wamba. Choncho, analenga epic chenicheni cha moyo wamba ndipo anamutcha iye "amene amakhala Chabwino mu Russia". Matrona Timofeevna amasonyeza chithunzi cha chenicheni Russian wamba, kusonyeza zofunika makhalidwe ofanana ndi mfundo moyo.

Nekrasov ntchito chachikulu unasokonezedwa ndi imfa yosayembekezereka ya wolemba, kuti tili ndi ntchito nadza chosakwanira. Komabe, ngakhale, izo lofotokozabe zosaneneka za luso maganizo okhulupirika.

kubweretsa zopereka

Ntchito yake, Nekrasov anatha kutsitsimutsa mtundu wanyimbo la anthu yadzaoneni. Ngati izo zifika ntchito moona anthu, limene chinasiyana ndi zikuluzikulu epic chifanizo cha moyo wa anthu, komanso phokoso ake maganizo ndi chiphunzitso cha mafunso zikuluzikulu imeneyi, n'loti "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia". Matrona Timofeevna ndi ena ambiri otchulidwa tikuona m'maganizo anga ndi kuikamo wapadera tingawapeze khalidwe. Wolemba anatha ambiri ntchito malamulo apakamwa a luso wowerengeka, komanso ubwenzi chinenero chake ndakatulo banja lake mitundu ya kulankhula ndi nyimbo-achilendo lyricism mwambo.

Nekrasov ndakatulo alinso zina zimene khalidwe la Kuzindikira yovuta. M'malo khalidwe yeniyeni ndi malo wamba anthu ambiri, ndipo chimasonyeza moyo vuto mabwalo chosiyana chikhalidwe. view of chinthu chenicheni chimaoneka mu ndakatulo yokha mu chitukuko mutuwo, zimasonyeza kuti lonse la Russia ndi zochitika kudziika anasonyeza kuti maganizo enieni a alimi oyendayenda, ndipo anapereka kwa wowerenga ngati masomphenya awo.

okhutira

Mu "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" dziko vuto moyo chaululidwa zonse. Events ntchito izi zikuchitika mu zaka zoyambirira pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kusintha mu 1861, kenako anamasulidwa Amaya. Wamba ndiponso anthuwo pano ndi zabwino, ngwazi koona, ndipo izo woyambitsa ziyembekezo tsogolo lowala, ngakhale bwino mmene ofooka angakhale m'mphawi Zionetsero chifukwa cha chosakhwima ya misa kuchita chilichonse kwambiri kanthu chosintha.

Mu "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu" m'mphawi vuto chimaoneka mu mawonekedwe a Savely wamba, amene maonekedwe ndi amatikumbutsa "Woyera Russia ndi ngwazi homespun" ophatikizapo mphamvu losagonjetseka ndi mphamvu ya anthu. Mu Savely anasonyeza mbali ngwazi yotchuka ya epic dziko. chithunzi ichi Nekrasov yekha zikugwirizana ndi nkhani yaikulu ya ndakatulo - ". moyo wabwino ndani mu Russia" kufunafuna njira chimwemwe anthu, limene limafotokoza Analysis a ndakatulo amapanga kulipira mwapadera Matrona Timofyevna pamati Savely apaulendo: ". Mwayi anali kwambiri" Chimwemwe protagonist ndi volnolyubiya ndi kuzindikira kufunika kulimba kwa anthu, chifukwa njira yokha kwenikweni kukwaniritsa "mpumulo" wa moyo.

zithunzi zina

Ndi zinthu izi kupanga losaiwalika mwa ndakatulo zina zambiri ndi "amene amakhala Chabwino mu Russia". ndakatulo kusanthula amatilola zambiri za zithunzi wosaiwalika wa anthu wamba, kuphatikizapo Vlas wanzeru wakale, waona zambiri mu moyo wake, ndipo Yakima wamaliseche, zomwe mlimi lililonse. Dziwani kuti wolemba ankafotokozedwa Yakim Chinaga muyeso oponderezedwa ndi mbuli wamba, anatuluka m'mudzimo banjalo. Kwambiri kudziwa ulemu wake, iye amayesetsa mwamphamvu kwambiri kuteteza ulemu anthu, kuti malankhulidwe moto kuteteza anthu onse.

Kuwerenga "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" ndi mutu, muona kuti mbali ndithu zofunika mu ndakatuloyi amaperekedwa kwa fano Ermila Kirin, amene sangafe ndipo choyera "nkhoswe anthu", amene ankabwera kwa chitetezo cha wamba opanduka ndi lina mu ndende.

Matrona Timofeevna

Wokongola wamkazi chithunzi Matrona Timofeevna anafotokoza mu "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" ndi mutu, kumene ndakatulo akuyesera kufotokoza mbali khalidwe la m'mphawi Russian. Akulankhula za nkhanza gawo wamkazi, Nekrasov analemba ambiri a ndakatulo zosangalatsa, koma ndi chikondi kwambiri ndi chikondi chimene akunena ndakatulo wake Matrenushku, iye anali olembedwa.

otchulidwa yachiwiri

Pamodzi ndi zilembo zosiyanasiyana za ntchito wamba kuti zimabweretsa chikondi ndi kuchita mbali Nekrasov nayenso amayesetsa osonyeza ndi mitundu ina ya alimi amene ali mu chifanizo cha pabwalo - sycophants, akapolo omvera, mahang'ala lolemera ndipo oukira mwachindunji. Dziwani kuti ndakatulo anayesera kulongosola zithunzi izi ena malankhulidwe satirical, ndi bwino zinaonekeratu Zionetsero za anthu wamba, m'pamenenso anaonekera chikhulupiriro atamasulidwa, ndi chilango kwambiri oopsa amene wolemba ndawala kapolo kudzichepetsa, servility ndi obsequiousness.

Umu ndi momwe "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu" Nkhani mutu akulongosola za "kapolo chitsanzo chabwino" Yakobo, amene kenako kuzindikira manyazi ndi ukutchulidwa udindowo. Kenako anaganiza amachita ndi njakata kwathunthu ndi chisoni, koma pa nthawi yomweyo zoyipa maganizo ake kapolo kubwezera - aganiza kuti adziphe kutsogolo kwa woyang'anira wake.

Komanso pano ali oyenera Ipat, amene akuimira mu ndakatulo monga "tcheru flunky" ndi kazitape Egorka Shutov, analandira udindo wa "kazitape a" kupambana kumbuyo mbali yofunika kwambiri "amene amakhala Chabwino mu Russia". The mwininyumba atamwalira, anasiya chifuniro limene analamula amasulidwe wamba zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu, koma wolandira mkulu wa Gleb chokopeka ndi malonjezo ndipo kenako anasankha kuti sanangowononga chikalatacho.

zolinga chobisika

Kuonetsa chipongwe, zikhulupiriro, umbuli, ndipo anasiya yaikulu Russian m'midzi kuti nthawi Nekrasov anayesetsa mmene ndingathere kutsindika chikhalidwe zosakhalitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wamba, amene mbiri kawirikawiri ankatembenukira kwambiri.. World amene anali kulankhula mwa ndakatulo kulengedwanso mu ntchito ili mukuimira malo amasiyanitsa chikhalidwe ndi ambiri mwansanga ndi zotsutsana moyo lakuthwa.

Mwachitsanzo, "yemwe amakhala Chabwino mu Russia" mwininyumba Obolt-Obolduev amene anakumana alendo ndi inali kuperekedwa monga "chachabechabe, puzatenky, duwa ndi usatenky" kwathunthu limasonyeza frivolity ndi chikukanika anthu amene ankakonda kwambiri tikaganizira za moyo wawo. Kubisala kuseri chigoba zabwino-chikhalidwe, kusonyeza chabe ulemu Kusonyeza alendo wapamwamba, mwininyumba likukula anakwiya ndi kudzikuza, ndipo sadzachitanso anatha muli udani ndi kunyansidwa alimi.

Komanso, zithunzi za "amene amakhala Chabwino mu Russia" satirically taonera mwinimunda-zazing'ono wankhanza kalonga bakha, amene walandira dzina la womaliza wamba. Enieni "mphuno mulomo ngati chiombankhanga ndi," ndi zolusa taonani, kusilira ndi uchidakwa - onse uli ndi zinthu zina zonyansa maonekedwe a nthumwi mmene chilengedwe nzika wodzazidwa ndi olamulira amphamvu zachizoloŵezi ndi nzika ang'onoang'ono. Mofananamo, kugwira ntchito imeneyi kotero chidwi ndi wapadera, poyerekeza ndi ena onse.

Zikuoneka kuti zili "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" zikuphatikizapo chigamulocho wa mkangano anthu wamba amene akuyesetsa kudziwa kuti amene anthu awa ndi moyo wosangalala kwambiri: Mfumu, nduna, wansembe, wamalonda kalaliki kapena eni. Komabe, mu chitukuko cha machitidwe a ndakatulo imeneyi Nekrasov pang'onopang'ono ayamba patsogolo kupitirira chiwembu akukhala Vuto ndi alimi ayamba kuyang'ana oimira osati magulu olamulira. Kuphunzira zili "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia", n'zotheka Atchule chakuti mtsutso kale kuyambira kufunafuna anthu wamba, akuyesera kuti apeze munthu amene amakhala mosangalala, ndipo iwo ali otsiriza kunena mwachindunji kuti mukuyesa kupeza chimwemwe anthu, zabwino wamba gawo - unskinned boma, m'chigawo ndi unwhipped izbytkovo m'mudzimo.

Kufotokozera za mavuto enieni

Kuyambira nkhani imeneyi ngati jocular kamvekedwe poluskazochnom wolemba ndi zambiri pa nthawi delves tanthauzo la funso za chisangalalo, kotero kuti wapatsidwa zambiri akuthwa kufunika chikhalidwe. Ambiri mwa cholinga choyambirira cha wolemba mu "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" wamba a nthawi imeneyo ankatha kuona mu gawo la "Phwando", koma pa nthawi inaletsedwa ndi m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu a. Nkhani za Grisha Dobrosklonova, yomwe inayamba mu gawo ili anayenera kukhala mfundo yaikulu ya chisangalalo mu analamula ndi mosalekeza kulimbana. Mu chaputala ichi, wolemba wasonyeza ananena za njira ndi njira imene akhoza kudzabadwira chimake changwiro cha chimwemwe cha anthu. Grisha chimwemwe chagona akangana amazindikira tsogolo la anthu awo, ndipo amafuna kuti "aliyense osauka Woyera Russia anakhala kusangalala ndi omasuka." Chimodzimodzi Nekrasov chaululidwa "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" vuto la chimwemwe, zomwe analingalira imodzi yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake.

Grisha chithunzi anamaliza mndandanda wa "zokometsera anthu", omwe Mlembi ali akuonetsedwa ndakatulo wake. Nekrasov anayesa kutsindika khalidwe la moyandikana pafupi anthu, n'zotheka kukambirana okhazikika ndi osawuka, iye ali nawo zoona, ndinayamba bwinobwino ndipo anali kupeza chithandizo. Choncho, Grisha Zikuwoneka anauziridwa ndi ndakatulo wamasomphenya, amene akufuna kutenga udindo slagatelya "nyimbo zabwino" kwa anthu ake.

Zojambula "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha anthu ka mndandanda wonse wa ndakatulo Nekrasov a. mtundu wa nthano ndi wowerengeka nyimbo mchitidwe ndakatuloyi amalola kenako kuupereka mtundu wa khalidwe dziko ndipo ali ndi kugwirizana mwachindunji chikhulupiriro Nekrasov zimenezo m'tsogolo kwambiri kwa anthu Russian. Nkhani yaikulu ndakatulo ndi pofunafuna chimwemwe, ndipo amapita zosiyanasiyana nyimbo wowerengeka, nkhani wowerengeka ndi zina, amene kwambiri anati zoti wamba akufunafuna wosangalala dziko, chuma, choonadi, chuma ndi zina. Izi lathu chimaoneka bwinobwino kum'dalira loto la anthu, anapitiriza kufunafuna chimwemwe, komanso zaka zakubadwa maloto a mitundu yonse mmene kukwaniritsa kuti basi chikhalidwe.

ndakatulo imeneyi Nekrasov anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi onse zilipo zosiyanasiyana Mitundu ya anthu-ndakatulo ku Russia, kuphatikizapo epics, nthano, nkhani, miyambi, miyambi, ndi mawu ndi zambiri zosiyanasiyana nyimbo. Choncho, pogwiritsa ntchito nthano anali amazipanga wolemera zinthu kuweruza wamba njira ya moyo ndi miyambo ya mudzi.

ndakatulo kalembedwe ladzala ndi chuma cha phokoso maganizo, komanso yaikulu zosiyanasiyana kamvekedwe ndakatulo, kuphatikizapo kumwetulira wopulupudza ndi amene mumasangalala Nkhani oyamba, limene mbali kuyambira koposa m'malo mwa polyphony wachisokonezo chilungamo khamu, satirical kusekedwa ndi "lomaliza wobadwa", ndi kutengeka m'nyimbo komanso chozama sewero "m'mphawi Woman" komanso pathos chosintha ndi amunamuna mavuto mutu wakuti "Phwando."

Malinga ndi ntchito ya Nekrasov anatha kuonetsa mmene iye akumvera chabwino ndipo amakonda kukongola kwa chilengedwe Russian mu M'madera a zitunda kumpoto. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo apa amapezeka kulenga kamvekedwe maganizo, komanso kuonetsetsa kuti "amene amakhala Chabwino mu Russia" chikhalidwe cha moyo ungasonyezedwere zambiri ndi bwino.

Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti ndakatulo imeneyi wapatsidwa malo apadera ndakatulo Russian, chifukwa kwathunthu amasonyeza opandamantha choonadi zojambula za moyo wowerengeka, aipereke mu aura ya fabulousness ndi kukongola ndakatulo luso wowerengeka ndi Zotengera ndi kulira ophatikizidwa ndi amunamuna chosintha kulimbana. N. Zonsezi A. Nekrasov kusonyeza mmene ndingathere ndi mphamvu luso, kumasuka ntchito yake wosafa, lomwe ambiri masiku ano.

N'chifukwa chake "Kukhala bwino mu Russia" tikulimbikitsidwa kuwerenga munthu aliyense, chifukwa buku lino, zikuthandizani kuyankha mafunso amene anthu ambiri lerolino.