Olemba ndakatulo: Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages mpaka lero, zomwe zimapanga nzeru zawo

Nthano za Chingerezi zinayambira kumapeto kwa zaka za 12 ndi 13, zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mayina a ojambula monga Jeffrey Chaucer, Robert Burns, John Keats, ndi William Shakespeare. Ntchito yoyamba ya mtundu woterewu ku England imalingaliridwa bwino ndi ndakatulo yakuti "Beowulf", yotchulidwa ndi khalidwe lake lalikulu - mnyamata wolimba mtima amene anateteza dziko lake ku ziwonongeko zoopsa zajoka. Nthanoyi inalembedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 13 ndipo ndilo buku lopatulika la mabuku a Anglo-Saxon. Malembo opitirira 10% (kukula kwake, mwa njira, ndi mizere 3182) amalembedwa chimodzimodzi mu Old English.

Olemba ndakatulo a Chingerezi ndi olemba mabuku omwe analemba ntchito mu Chingerezi ngakhale atakhala mtundu wawo, chikhulupiriro ndi malo okhala. M'masukulu a ku Russia ndi masukulu apamwamba maphunziro ochepa chabe olemba ndakatulo amaphunzira. Ophunzira a Chirasha amadziwa bwino yemwe William Shakespeare ali, koma sakudziwa mayina a Joseph Addison, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning.

Woyambitsa mabuku a Chingerezi ndi amene analemba "Canterbury Stories" Jeffrey Chaucer, yemwe anakhalako m'zaka za m'ma 1400. Ntchito yake yaikulu, yolembedwa mu Middle English, yakhala yosatha. "Nkhani za Canterbury" ndizolemba zochepa zomwe zinalembedwa polemba ndi ma prosaic (chiwerengero cha 22). Nkhani yonseyi imachitidwa m'malo mwa amwendamnjira akupita ku Canterbury kuti akalambire zizindikiro za ofera Thomas Beckett (m'mawu a Chirasha, woyera amawonekera ngati Tomasi wa Canterbury).

Olemba apakatikati amadziwika kalembedwe ka ntchito zawo padziko lonse lapansi. Motero, syllable ya Shakespeare yotchuka silingathe kusokonezedwa ndi syllable ya olemba ena, ngakhale kuti kumasuliridwa kwambiri kwa ntchito zake kuzinenero zina. Zambiri mwa mavuto omwe William Shakespeare, yemwe adakhala m'zaka za zana la 16, anakumana nawo m'mavuto ake ndi masewera ake, adakali oyenera lero. Malingana ndi ndakatulo za Shakespeare, machitidwe ambiri awonetsedwa ndipo mafilimu ambiri adaphedwa m'mayiko ambiri, omwe amatsimikizira kuti wolembayo akudziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

Owerenga ambiri a Chirasha amadziwa dzina la George Byron. Wachilembo wamakatulo uyu wa Chingerezi adadziwika kuti dzina lake Ambuye Byron. Ntchito za Byron zimadziwika kwa a Russia chifukwa cha matembenuzidwe awo ambiri a ndakatulo a Silver Age. Mbuye wotchuka kwambiri wa Ambuye Byron ndi "Corsair", "Kaini", "Lara".

Olemba ndakatulo ambiri a Chingerezi Zaka za m'ma 19-19, iwo analemba zolemba zawo pazofunikira za chikondi. Mwachitsanzo, John Keats, yemwe adamwalira mu 1821, adabweretsa zochitika zambiri zachikondi kwa ndakatulo za dzikoli. Ntchito zake zadzaza ndi kufotokozera kwabwino kwa zisangalalo zonse za moyo, kukongola kwa dziko lozungulira. Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya Keats ndi "Ode ku Vase Greek" ndi "Endemion."

Pakati pa omwe amapanga luso la zojambulajambula malo apadera akukhala ndi olemba ndakatulo a Chingerezi - akazi: Elizabeth Browning, Gene Ingelow, Sarah Coleridge, Emily Bronte. Chotsatiracho, mwa njira, chimadziwika kwambiri kwa wovomerezeka wa ku Russia wa zojambula zachilendo zakunja monga wolemba wa "Wuthering Heights" ndi ntchito zambiri zolembedwa mu ndakatulo.

Olemba a zaka mazana asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri (19-20) amachoka ku chikhalidwe cha chikondi, ntchito zawo zambiri zimalembedwa mu mzimu wa chilengedwe. M'dziko lathu, olemba ndakatulo otchuka kwambiri a ku England a zaka za m'ma 2000, monga Harry Graham, mlembi wa "Economy Poetic", Keith Wright, mlembi wa "The Parrot of Sergeant Smith" ndi ena. Kufufuza kwawo kwapadera sikudali kokha pamasamba a mabuku ndi ma electronic, komanso m'mitima ya ambiri okonda talente yawo. Olemba ndakatulo amakono ndi oyambirira awo mosakayikira anasiya chuma chamtengo wapatali kwa mibadwo yotsatira ya nzika zawo komanso alendo.