Okondedwa Bwana, - ofunda ndi ulemu chithandizo kwa munthu. mawu abwino

Kulankhula zodyera ndi momwe mungapewere mawu a chipongwe ku mbali ina, ndi kutsindika mlingo wa kufunika kwa ophunzira aliyense anthu ambiri ndi pokambirana makamaka makamaka. Choncho, masiku ano amafuna okhwima m'dera lino anapereka lokha pa kukambirana chikhalidwe zofunika - zamtendere kapena malonda misonkhano. Kodi tinganene chiyani za nthawi zakale.

Kale kufanana Russia pa mlingo malamulo sizinali - mpaka 1917, dziko otchuka ndi atsogoleri maudindo. Choncho, mtundu wa chithandizo kapena ufulu anangotchula sinali - nthawi yomweyo ananena kuti iye ndi ndani, ndi zimene amafuna mwina wokakamiza ena.

Kodi mitundu ya mankhwala amadziwika? Nanga bwanji iwo akhoza kundiuza nkhaniyo? Ngakhale maudindo a mawonekedwe akhala otha ntchito, komabe ena kumatikumbutsabe a nthawi imeneyo angathe anamva, ine ndikhoza kunena zambiri - iwo ali kumeneko, kokha kusinthidwa. Tiyeni tikambirane funso ili mwatsatanetsatane.

Pamwamba

Mitundu ya ulemu makamaka limagwirizana ndi maudindo, kusonyeza mlingo wa kufunika otchuka mu nkhope ya utsogoleri wolowezana. Zikuonekeratu kuti maganizo kwambiri okhwima anali wa mfumu titulovannosti. Ntchito za boma lachifumu mutu, komanso mawu monga "mfumu", "Mfumu" kutali-chizindikiro anaopseza chilango chilichonse.

Mwachibadwa, panali mitundu mu maudindo a Russian Ufumu wa amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana a mwambo. Ambiri a maudindo ntchito zambiri: Imperial anu Wolemekezeka (mfumu panopa, mkazi wake, kapena Mfumukazi Dowager), ndipo adzakhala 'Wammwambamwamba anu Imperial (anthu a atsogoleri chachikulu, duchesses ndi mafumu). Mwina kudziŵika kuti ntchito zimenezi si kusiyanitsa amuna ndi akazi, akuitana neuter onse.

Ndi kwa mfumu yekha anatengedwa kuchitiridwa ngati "wachisomo Wamkulu Koposa," ndi akalonga wamkulu "bwana wanga wokondedwa" (inde, ndi likulu kalata!). Ngakhale achibale maikidwe ofunda anayenera kutsatira lamulo limeneli.

kalasi yoyamba

Mu Russia, izo sizinali chotero bwino kapangidwe kalasi magawano, monga, nkuti, mu France, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti kulibe. Ndipo akuluakulu a Mpingo kuwerenga nduna kuposa akuluakulu aboma. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi yakuti ngati njonda anagwirizira udindo wa mpingo, mpingo woyamba ayenera kutchula mutu wake, kenako anthu otchuka a boma.

Apanso, ife ntchito mpangidwe - 'Wanu' ndiyeno mutu neuter posachedwa, pamene akazi mu utsogoleri wa mpingo sikuloledwa. Mosiyana ndi mfumu kapena mfulu, akuluakulu a tchalitchi ntchito mpaka pano mwalamulo pamene anangotchula utsogoleri wa mpingo, komanso mu utumiki ndipo zochitika za tchalitchichi. Iwo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawu otsatirawa: "Chiyero" (za kholo lija), "ukulu" (Bishop kapena Metropolitan), "Grace" (bishopu), "mumalemekeza (abbot, Archpriest, Archimandrite)," ulemu "(ieromonahi Ansembe).

Ansembe udindo wapamwamba kwambiri kulandira pang'ono kapena asanaonane wamba. Pa mlingo banja, amafotokoza aulemu kwa dona wauzimu mwaulemu ankaona mofananira kuti "Atate", "Atate Woyera."

Akalonga ndi udindo

Mbali imeneyi ya mankhwala abwino mu nthawi yathu chofunika chokha kumvetsa tanthauzo la mabuku m'mbiri komanso mabuku tingachipeze powerenga, komanso kutenga nawo mbali pa ed "misonkhano wolemekezeka." Koma mu dera linalake limene anthu olemekezeka anali "mitsempha yaikulu ya boma" (ichi anati ndi Cardinal Richelieu, komanso mu Russian Ufumu, funso anamasulira njira yomweyo), gentility ndi tanthauzo wolemekezeka sakanakhoza kukhala chete.

fuko lomveka lirilonse mu Russia anali "Wolemekezeka." Kotero inu angaimire mlendo maonekedwe amene zikuonekeratu kuti iye ndi njonda, koma mlingo wa otchuka si zoonekeratu. Iye anali ndi ufulu kukonza interlocutor ndi mutu lolondola ndi gwero anali kupepesa ndi yokonza zinthu.

Ndi mutu wa olemekezeka (earls, atsogoleri, barons) ankatchedwa "Wolemekezeka". Monga "mkulu" titchedwe alendo olemekezeka (makamaka ochokera Muslim). "Ufumu wanu" ndi wachibale wa nyumba lachifumu. The ufulu lotchedwa "Wolemekezeka" kapena "Umbuye Wanu" akhoza zopezera monga mphoto. "Adzakhala 'Wammwambamwamba Wanu" ankafunika kuitana mbadwa zina za mfumu mu mzere wolunjika.

Mafumu wopanda boma

Koma mawu akuti "mwayekha" ambiri amaona limasonyeza mfumu, anali ntchito popanda akuluakulu a boma mu Russia. Amangoika anasankha munthu "wolemekezeka" chiyambi ndi ntchito ngati mankhwala aulemu mu mlengalenga mwamwayi ndi theka-ofunda. Mwalamulo, mawonekedwe a zimenezi wakewu "bwana", koma posakhalitsa panali chosavuta mawonekedwe a "bwana." M'malo kwambiri zimene mungachite, "mbuye", "mbuye", "mfulu ndi munthu wolemekezeka."

Tikumbukenso kuti zimenezi ulemu ndi odabwitsa oimira okha a makalasi wolemera, ndipo kokha poyerekezera ndi mtundu wawo. Palibe adamfunsa ulemu kwambiri pochita zinthu ndi anthu ntchito ndi anthu wamba. Zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti nthawi mwano - Russia a makalasi chapamwamba anali makamaka ophunzira zokwanira. Koma palibe ankaona amanyansidwa amatchedwa "osauka" mlendo wamba (kuphatikizapo mlimi mwini). Dalaivalayo, mtumiki kapena wamba osadziwika (mwachionekere) Afilisiti analankhula "wokondedwa" kapena "wokondedwa." Zinali ndithu mwaulemu mawonekedwe.

Lembani patronymic. anachita pamene mwambo uwu?

Ndi mwambo wolemekezeka nkhawa chilengedwe ndi kuitana munthu dzina. Mu nthawi chisanadze Petrine kotero akuchita poyerekezera boyars, zinduna dzina zonse ndi dzina (kuchokera A. Tolstoy mu "Peter Ine» - Michael Tyrtov) ndi nedvoryan - diminutive (Ibid - Ivashka Brovkin). Koma Peter anasamutsa njira milandu onse mwaulemu munene anthu.

Amuna ndi dzina wakhala kufika kambirimbiri kuposa kugonana chilungamo - zambiri otchedwa makolo ndi ana, amuna ndi akazi (zitsanzo zochokera mu mabuku). Panali kawirikawiri milandu ndipo akuchonderera ndi mayina ambiri chabe anangotchula - izo angalumikizaniranenso Timaona zitsanzo chakale zolembalemba (monga iwo anamutcha Raskolnikov ndi Pechorin?). Akuchitira ndi munthu wolemekezeka dzina lake anali chovomerezeka okha m'banja kapena pakati pa mabwenzi apamtima anakhulupirira.

Ntchito dzina ndi patronymic - mmodzi wa miyambo ochepa akale anasunga mu zodyera wa tsiku. Russia wolemekezeka musatchule dzina pakati okha pa misonkhano lonse, pofuna kulemekeza miyambo ina, mawu amene maganizo "Dzina loyamba" akusowa.

Kulowa mu Table a maudindo

Peter Ine anayambitsa osati ntchito mayina - mu 1722 izo polima chikalata monga "Table a maudindo" zikuonetseratu kuti ufumu wa boma ndi usilikali mu Russia. Popeza cholinga cha luso basi kupereka wamba, koma luso anthu mwayi kuti ntchito, nthawi zambiri zokwanira kuwafika tithe wapamwamba ndi anthu mutu nedvoryanskyh. Chikutanthauza anali zokhudza ufulu otchuka payekha ndi cholowa pa mkulu, koma nthawi zambiri zasintha, ndipo mu m'badwo unali kuti anthu raznochinskogo chiyambi angakhale ndi udindo okongola mkulu.

Choncho, pamodzi ndi otchuka, ndi maudindo boma kumeneko. Ngati malo ofunika anali kulamulidwa ndi njonda, kuti funsani iye kutsatira malamulo ake zabwino, ngati raznochinets - superannuation. Kotero ife anachitira za udindo waukulu pang'ono tonde wobadwa m'banja lachifumu. Pankhaniyi, mutu wa superannuation anawonjezera kuti mkazi nduna - izo apatsidwe thandizo chimodzimodzi ndi mwamuna wake.

ulemu mkulu wa

Pankhaniyi, koposa zonse pa tebulo tamutchula lankhondo. Choncho, ngakhale wamng'ono Russian alonda asilikali anali "Wolemekezeka", ndiye, muli ndi ufulu wochita apilo anthu otchuka. Komanso, nkwapafupi koposa milandu antchito boma, chinali kuti azimukonda otchuka kumtundu (nthawi zina monga anakhala msilikali wachokera).

Ambiri, malamulo anali motere: ogwira IX kalasi asilikali, khoti la Civil Service titchedwe "Wolemekezeka", kuyambira VIII kuti VI - «Wolemekezeka", ndi V - "Wolemekezeka". Mayina a maudindo apamwamba momveka chakuti ena a iwo Muziipereka olemekezeka osati "apamwamba" - "Wolemekezeka» (IV-III) ndi "Wolemekezeka (III).

Osati uliwonse dera kuti akhale "Ulemerero" - mkulu kalasi tebulo a maudindo panalibe mu dragoons ndi, Cossacks asilikali ndi utumiki bwalo. Komano, m'gulu la asilikali sanali m'munsi, XIV kalasi. Malinga mtundu wa utumiki akhoza analilumpha ndi njira zina.

mkulu Golitsyn

Kapitawo Corps anagawira chikhalidwe amanena wina ndi mnzake pamalo. Pamene mukundiitana zambiri kapena zochepa kolowera ofunda, komanso junior mu udindo kwa achikulire ayenera kuwonjezera mawu akuti "mbuye". Koma alonda anazitcha zina ndi udindo mwamwayi. N'kololeka ndi aulemu ndi anthu wamba. Alonda anali epaulets ndipo kanali zina, choncho mosavuta kumvetsetsa amene ali kutsogolo kwa inu. Choncho kuyitana mlendo "mkulu" kapena waudindo "Bambo Wogwila Captain" imene pafupifupi aliyense.

msilikali anakakamizika kuyitana mkulu wa "wolemekezeka", kuyankha mosavomerezeka mawu. Iyo inali yofala kwambiri mankhwala ulemu. Nthawi zina, njira ndi osasankhidwa (Mwachitsanzo, pofotokoza zinthu pa malo), ndi udindo m'munsi angagwire ntchito udindo mkulu, kuwonjezera "bwana." Koma Nthawi zambiri "angalankhule" pempho boma kuti munthuyo posachedwapa, koma malinga ndi mwambo mokweza. Chifukwa, ndi kupeza lowopsya "vashbrod", "vashskorod". Kwa ulemerero wa asilikari Russian ndi akazembe, iwo kawirikawiri kukhumudwa ndi asilikali oterewa "ngale." Izo sizinali wovomerezeka mwa akapitawo, ndi inunso kuzunzidwa a maudindo m'munsi. Ngakhale asilikali ankhondo Russian akadali mu zaka za m'ma XIX mwalamulo pansi chilango logwirika, ndi pa scuffle First World ndi alonda anali suona mlandu, iwo amaona maonekedwe oipa kwambiri. Wapolisi wina alibe malamulo okhwima pa mmene angachitire asilikali, koma anthu ambiri amati "abale" awo, "serviceman" - kuti ndi familiarly pansi, koma wochezeka.

Osati nthawi zonse yunifolomu

Ngakhale akuluakulu Russian ankavala yunifolomu, koma zikuoneka kuti penapake zosakwana alonda. Choncho, kudziwa kalasi osadziwika wantchito sakanakhoza zonse. Pankhaniyi, inu angatanthauze kuti "bwana" - anadza lonse.

Ngati msilikali kapena zinakambidwa mu yunifolomu, kuti kuonedwa ndi titulovannosti ankaona kunyoza.

ambuye zochepa

Koma pempho "mbuye" sanali ambiri kwambiri anthu Russian bwino. Inde, dzinali lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma nthawi zambiri enaake mayina ( "Bambo Isikariote") dzina ( 'Bambo General ") kapena udindo (" Mr milandu la State "). Popanda mawu awa akhoza kupeza amamveka nditaona: ". Good mbuye" Only atumiki ntchito kuchonderera ambiri, "Kodi Ambuye akufuna?" Koma izi zikufanana ndi atumiki m'malo onse (mahotela, odyera); nyumba eni okha anakhazikitsidwa monga atumiki ayenera amanena kuti onsewa.

Mawu 'bwana' pa mapeto a XIX m'ma izo amaona mawonekedwe oipa - ankaganiza kuti wotchedwa yekha cabs wa okwera awo, ndipo onse.

Yemweyo ojambula pakati pa mabwenzi abwino analola ambiri a mawu ndi mawu kutsindika chisoni: ". Mnzanga" "moyo wanga", "wokondedwa" Ngati zimenezi zinasintha mwadzidzidzi pa pempho "bwana", amanena kuti ubale mabodza.

Lotha osati lotha

Lero, rigor ngati zolankhula zodyera chofunika. Koma pali zochitika kumene mokakamizidwa. Choncho, chifukwa ndi m'masiku athu mutu wa akazembe ena ndi mafumu (momwemo ngakhale mu USSR, ngakhale mfundo zokhudzana ndi maudindo zinali zoipa). zodyera mosamala mawu alipo mu ndondomeko ya chiweruzo. Anasunga mitundu wakale wa adiresi mu mpingo, ndipo iwo ntchito ndi akunja anthu pa nkhani ya kulankhula ntchito ndi akuluakulu a boma zampingo.

Modern Russia ngati alibe maonekedwe chilengedwe aulemu adiresi (kuti mwamuna kapena mkazi). "Bambo" ndi "Akazi", motsata zonse ndi miyambo nkhaniyi mizu. More mwayi Soviet mawu "comrade" - adakali mu ntchito asilikali Russian mwalamulo, koma pa mlingo ambiri - ndithu ambiri. mawu abwino - ku Ulaya iwo anamutcha fraternities mzake ophunzira, akaphunzire za msonkhano kapena asilikali anzathu; mu Russia - amalonda ogulitsa mankhwala amodzi, ndiko kuti, m'zochitika zonse anthu omwewo kuti kupanga wonse zothandiza. Koma ena ayenera kutaya kuti "chidina la Soviet Union." Choncho, chakale mawu abwino akadali sanaiwale, ndi zamakono koma kukhala.