Olemba ana yabwino a m'nthawi ya 18 ndi ntchito zawo

ntchito Ana zatenga malo zofunika pakati pa mitundu ina ya zopeka, chifukwa mu njira zambiri kusonyeza makhalidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, dongosolo lake la makhalidwe abwino. Chikhalidwe chilichonse malingaliro zabwino ndi zoipa, chabwino ndi choipa, okongola ndi yonyansa, wolungama ndi wosalungama. Monga ana timatengera makhalidwe kukhala nafe moyo. Importance mabuku a ana, motero, sayenera saganizira.

Tikumbukenso mbali khalidwe la mabuku aana - osakaniza luso ndi zofunika pedagogical. mabuku amenewa ayenera osati kuchereza komanso kuphunzitsa, kutsogolera, kwa Asia. olemba ana a m'nthawi ya 18 (ntchito zawo, kumene) anayesa kuuza ana kudziwa zofunika za dziko, kuwaphunzitsa makhalidwe oyenera.

Taganizirani mayiko awiri - Britain ndi Russia - ndi chitsanzo cha ntchito ana adalengedwa m'mayiko amenewa, tikuona kuti zimenezi n'zoona. Literature kwa zaka za m'ma 18, olemba ntchito zawo zimaperekedwa kwa tcheru chanu.

mabuku ana a British kwa zaka za m'ma 18

Aliyense wa ife ali ndi buku lapamtima kuyambira ali nthano "Alice mu ochititsa chidwi", "The Mwana ndi Karlsson pa denga", "Matilda", "Thumbelina", "Gulliver a Maulendo" ndi "Robinson Crusoe" (mndandanda uli, kumene aliyense ali yake). Koma tiyerekeze kuti ife kukula m'nthawi ya 21 mu Russia, ndi m'zaka za zana 18 ku England, amene akanakhoza timawerenga?

Pa mndandanda pamwamba, ife akanakhalabe yekha buku "Robinson Crusoe" Danielya Defo (1719) ndi "Maulendo Gulliver" mwa Jonathan Swift (1726) mu buku lapadera kwa ana, lolembedwa ndi chinenero chosavuta, ndi zambiri zithunzi.

Koma kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti m'zaka za m'ma 18. ana English analibe kanthu kuwerenga? Dziwani izi.

chakuti nthano ndi chiyambi, ndi kusowa kwa iwo zisanachitikepo. Ngakhale pamene panalibe olembedwa chinenero, iwo adutsa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo mu mawonekedwe a m'nthano. Koma m'zaka 17-18, ndi chitukuko cha yosindikiza, anayamba kuoneka zambiri akatswiri olemba, ana makamaka. Nkhani pa nthawi, tsopano, chidwi ndi mantha ana, kulenga Zolengedwa zinsinsi zimene chosakanikirana ndi za tsiku ndi tsiku akulu si nthawi zonse amavomereza.

Nawa olemba ana zoyambirira za m'ma 18, ndipo ntchito zawo basi.

"Robinson Crusoe" Danielya Defo

Tibwerere ku England cha m'ma 18. Pa nthawi imeneyo, ngati ine anganene choncho, weniweni "logulitsidwa" ndi ntchito ya Defoe. Mu buku la "Robinson Crusoe" zotama mtima, khama, luso anthu, anakakamizika kukhala moyo mu kwambiri zinthu. Iye anali wotchuka kwambiri monga nthano ndi Jonathan Swift, mmene muli pempho la wolemba kwa anapeza miyeso latsopano ndi M'maso.

"Maulendo Gulliver" mwa Jonathan Swift

Bwino "Maulendo Gulliver a" Anatsogolera ngakhale chakuti anayamba kuoneka mabuku ena kwa ana, amene amanena momveka bwino amakhoza kuwerenga wofuna kutsanzira mankhwala, mawu akuti "Gulliver" ndi "midget" mu maina amene amayambitsa gulu ena. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo oyambirira - kuchoka mu 1751 Ana magazini Lilliput, "Mlengi amene anali Dzhon Nyuberi, wolemba ku London. Chitsanzo china - "Lilliputian Library kapena Museum wa Gulliver" mu mabuku khumi a kukula yaing'ono, lofalitsidwa mu Dublin mu 1780s ndi. Bukuli lalembedwa makamaka adzamasulidwa kwa ana, ndi mtengo wake ndi otsika, kotero kuti ana akhoza kugula izo. The mtengo okwana mabuku 10 anali asanu okha makobiri British, ndi ziwalo munthu akhoza kugulidwa ku sixpence lililonse. Komabe, ngakhale izi mtengo wotsika akadali lalikulu kwambiri ana ambiri ndi makolo awo. oimira mabanja ndi ndalama pakati ndi mkulu yekha akhoza kugula mabuku ndipo anali kulemba yokwanira kuti ndiwerenge izo.

mabuku ena

mabuku Cheap mu mtundu wanyimbo mabuku otchuka kale ndipo ankapezeka kuti anthu opanda ndalama Ndime ya anthu. Nkhani zimenezi ana m'gulu, mbiri kuyenda, kuimba, pemphero, nkhani za achifwamba, akuba, ndi ambanda. Mabuku amenewa anali wa khalidwe osauka ndipo anagulitsidwa kwa makobidi imodzi kapena ziwiri.

Mu 1712, panali kumasulira English wa nkhani wotchuka Arabia "Chikwi ndi usiku wina."

Monga mukuonera, mabuku a ana a nthawi anayamba mwachangu England. Ndipo zimene anali pa dera la Russia? Werengani za izo.

mabuku Russian ana a m'nthawi ya 18

Mu Russia, pali kwenikweni olemba ana a m'nthawi ya 18 ndi ntchito zawo (woyamba mabuku Russian olembedwa makamaka ana akhazikitsidwa mu gawo la boma wathu m'zaka za m'ma 17, m'ma 18 anapitiriza mwambo uwu).

Nthawi ya Peter Ine anapereka kutsogolera chitukuko cha maphunziro makamaka mabuku a ana. Mfumu ankakhulupirira kuti ndi zofunika kusamalira kuphunzitsa achinyamata. Panthawi imeneyi, mabuku ana linazunza cholinga makamaka maphunziro. Kusindikizidwa mabuku, zilembo ndi primers.

"Youth moona galasi"

Olemba m'ma 18 (Russian) mndandanda wa mabuku ana ndi maphunziro lotseguka. The "Youth moona galasi" angaperekedwe chitsanzo. poizvedenii Izi anafotokoza malamulo pa bwalo, amene walowa kusintha wake wa Peter I. Bukuli mfumu ndi pafupi kuti lake lenileni. Pa mutu wa olemba ntchito pa mankhwala, anaima Gabriel Buzhinskiy. bukhu, mwa zina, anaikidwa zipangizo pa kalembedwe, zilembo, mawu. Amatanthauza "Youth moona galasi" za anthu m'tsogolo, thandizo la mfumu - ana amene kenaka anayamba kukhala ogwira. Mu bukhu, lingaliro lalikulu ndi kuti bwino n'kofunika kwambiri si chiyambi cha munthu ndi nyota wake, ngakhale kuti anali anatsindika nthawi yomweyo udindo wapadera wa amazikonda anthu otchuka. Kulosera ndi kudzudzulidwa makhalidwe ake. Kwa atsikana kachidindo wapadera wa makhalidwe abwino makumi awiri analengedwa, Pakati tisaiwale kuthandizana chete, chipembedzo, khama. Olemba m'ma 18 (Russian) List makhalidwe wamkazi kuulula mophiphiritsa Mwachitsanzo, kupanga omveka otchulidwa wamkazi ntchito zake.

anamasulira mabuku

M'zaka za m'ma kufala chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndi mabuku losandulika, monga nthano Aesop a. nthano izi, zinalembedwa 6 m'ma BC. e. tchire Aesop, komanso analandira mwa ana ndi luso zikuchitika mawonekedwe a zilembo - nyama, mbalame, mitengo, maluwa ... nthano Aesop amalola nthabwala ndi kusewera kuthetsa makhalidwe awo oipa ndi kukhala ndi maganizo associative.

Pambuyo 50 ntchentche kuonekere olemba ana enieni a m'nthawi ya 18 ndi ntchito zawo. Koma zambiri za mabuku aana anaitenga ku West (makamaka France). Tikumbukenso, ndithudi, wotchuka French wongonena Sharlya Perro 17 atumwi. maphwando a wake nthano "Cinderella," "chiphadzuwa chogona," "Little Red atakwera nyumba," "Bluebeard" amadziwika ndi okondedwa ndi ana padziko lonse. owerenga komanso olemba ndakatulo ndi zaka za m'ma 18 anauziridwa ndi ntchito zimenezi.

Olemba m'ma 18

List akutsegula Feofan Prokopovich. Wolembayu walemba mabuku awiri ana - ". chiphunzitso loyamba la anyamata" "Mwachidule Russian mbiri" ndipo M'mawu oyamba a buku chachiwiri, ananena kuti ubwana wake - nthawi zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu aliyense, monga izo zinaliri apo, ichi chititsimikizira makhalidwe ofanana ndi makhalidwe ake. Ana ayenera kuwerenga mabuku ndi kuwakonda.

Catherine II

akatswiri osati olemba ndi ndakatulo za m'ma 18 analenga buku ana. Ngakhale mutsogoleli wadziko ankaona kuti ndi ntchito yawo wolangiza achinyamata awo. Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza Catherine II. Wapanga ambiri ntchito, Pakati mabuku ana, monga "The nthano za Tsarevich Mankhwala" ndi "The nthano za Tsarevich Fivee". Kumene, iwo anali kutali ndi nthano m'njira zamakono mawu, ndi makhalidwe ake omveka ndi otchuka. Ntchito izi zokha akuonetsedwa makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe ambiri chabe. Komabe, chitsanzo cha Catherine Wachiwiri anali opatsirana, ndipo kenako akutsatiridwa ndi otchuka olemba ambiri Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 18, kupanga ntchito makamaka kwa ana.

Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov

Athandiza Kwambiri chitukuko cha mabuku ana ndi wapanga Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov. Iye ndi wofalitsa magazini ana oyamba a - ". Kuwerenga Ana mitima ndi malingaliro" Iwo lofalitsidwa ntchito ya Mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nkhani, nkhani yochepa, masewero, nthabwala, etc. Osati nthano chabe waperekedwa mu magazini. Iwo anali ataikidwa ndi nkhani si zopeka ana kuuza owerenga achinyamata zokhudza chikhalidwe, dziko, m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi mizinda, ndi anthu awo. Nkhani zimenezi zinalembedwa mophiphiritsa, ndi chidwi mu mawonekedwe a kukambirana. Novikov m'mabuku ake analalikira malingaliro zabwino ndi umunthu, ulemu wa munthu, amene, mu maganizo ake, zikhale kuyambira ndili wamng'ono katemera ana. Magazini wopambana kwambiri ndipo anali wotchuka kwambiri pa nthawiyo. olemba wotchuka kwa zaka za m'ma 18 lofalitsidwa mu kalata iyi.

Nikolay Mihalovich Karamzin

M'pofunika kunena mawu ochepa za Nikolae Mihayloviche Karamzine. wolemba wazilenga ndipo anawamasulira oposa 30 zinthu zosiyanasiyana kwa ana. Monga kazembe wa sentimentalism (amene anatsatira ndi olemba ochuluka Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 18), pafupi chikhalidwe ana, iye ankasangalala kwambiri mwa achinyamata wazaka zapakati ndi akulu owerenga. Mu 1789, ntchito yoyamba ya Karamzin zinasindikizidwa mu magazini "Kuwerenga Ana a mumtima ndi m'maganizo." Nikolai Mikhailovich analemba ana ndipo pambuyo kutsekera magazini ino. M'zaka khumi zapitazo zaka za m'ma 18 adalenga ntchito monga "kalonga wokongola", "Wood Chikwi ekala" ndi "Ilya Muromets". The nthano otsiriza anasonyeza epics Russian. Ntchito imeneyi siinamalizidwe. Ilya Muromets, analengedwa ndi cholembera wolemba, sanali konse ngati ngwazi ankaikira epic, monga ife zambiri amaimira izo, pang'ono kokha zinkafanana ndi masika. The nthano sakufotokoza nkhondo ndi adani a Russia, umathandiza moyo m'nyimbo ya Ili Muromtsa mu chiyanjano ndi wokondedwa wake. Mu mzimu wa chimatsogoleredwa Karamzin mwatsatanetsatane akuonetsedwa maganizo a m'nkhaniyi, kulenga chithunzi choonekera bwino.

Pomaliza

Choncho, atumwi 18 anabweretsa kwambiri zinthu zatsopano mu mabuku ana onse akunja mu dziko lathu. Literature ana mwachangu anapitiriza chitukuko mu 19 ndiyeno zana la 20. Ndipo mwachionekere pali kupitiriza mu chitukuko. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani Sharlya Perro ntchito embodiments zosiyanasiyana hereinafter Andersen, Pushkina, Grimm abale, Irving. Ndiko kuti, zolinga za ena nkhani yaikulu mizu kwina. Ntchito za olemba Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 18, ndipo kuwerenga pa 19 ndi ina. Mabukuwo ana a m'nthawi ya 19 amakhala ndi polumikizira ngakhale wamkulu ndi zopeka akuluakulu, komanso maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe ambiri.