OPEC mayiko - dziko Olamulira mitengo

Lero, nkhani ya mafuta m'zigawo ndi kusokonekera ndi zinthu kuona mapangidwe mitengo dziko zopangidwa ndi zinthu kugwiritsa ntchito pokhazikitsa dziko wamitengo zilembedwe kuwombola, ndipo ngakhale kukula kapena kuchepa kwa chuma cha zigawo lonse. Ndipo udindo yaikulu ya mayiko OPEC kusewera mu njira izi.

History ndi zifukwa mapangidwe OPEC

Gulu la mafuta Exporting Mayiko, imadziwika mu gawo Russian ngati bungwe la maiko - Mafuta Exporting Mayiko (OPEC), anayambitsa mu 1960. Ndiye mayiko 5 anaganiza kukhazikitsa chimango chimene chikanati zonse buku la kupanga ndi mtengo wa mbiya ya mafuta pa msika lonse. mgwirizano amenewa yosainidwa ndi limati asanu, amene Venezuela anakhala, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran ndi Kuwait. Kenaka anagwirizana ndi maiko ena angapo, ndi chiyambi cha 90s chiwerengero cha mamembala 13.

M'zaka khumi zapitazo wa XX atumwi, OPEC kumanzere Ecuador (1992) ndi Gabon (1994) Komabe, choyamba kubwezeretsedwa umembala wake mu 2007. Indonesia ndi chifukwa zifukwa mkati anasankha kutsirizitsa umembala wake mu bungwe mu 2009. Lero gulu zikuphatikizapo Venezuela, Iraq, Saudi Arabia (mtsogoleri mu nkhokwe mafuta), Iran, Kuwait, Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Qatar, Libya, ndi United Arab Emirates ndi Nigeria.

Mayiko, OPEC, kuthamangitsa kwenikweni zolinga ziwiri: kukhazikitsa yabwino iwo mtengo osiyanasiyana mafuta ndi kusokonekera kwa quotas pa wolowa wake. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, limati izi musazengereze ntchito utsogoleri wake kukwaniritsa zolinga za ndale. Chitsanzo chabwino cha zimene anali oyamba a embargo motsutsa United States mu 1973 chifukwa thandizo yogwira wa Israel atsopano mu mkangano Arab Israel. Akatswiri ena timakonda ndikukhulupirira kuti ambiri mwa mavuto a zachuma a zaka mazana makumi awiri anali chikwiyire m'malo mwa bungwe.

M'mayiko OPEC zonse m'zigawo "golide wakuda" pamaziko a zinthu zawo zachuma. Zimenezi analungamitsidwa chifukwa kwa ambiri a migodi ndi mafuta zogulitsa kunja ndi mzere waukulu kupanga revenues bajeti ya dziko.

Mphamvu ndi kufooka

mayiko onse a OPEC, mavuto ena. Akatswiri kusiyanitsa iwo siyana zinayi zikuluzikulu: okhwima panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira chikhalidwe cha anthu, backwardness zaumisiri, underdeveloped dziko dongosolo maphunziro ndi ntchito wodzikweza kuti phindu.

Malinga ndi muyezo wa amoyo, mayiko OPEC anawagawa m'magulu awiri; wapamwamba-olemera ndi osauka. Mkulu-moyo wa boma pali kuchepa kwa anthu, pamene osauka - chiwerengero cha anthu kuposa malire. Pa nkhani imeneyi, woyamba kulandira ndalama kwambiri, ndi otaya wachiwiri kudalira othandizira ndalama zakunja. kulekana Izi amatipeza zinagwira kusiyana ena mu chiphunzitso cha njira chitukuko.

Makamaka moganizira mafuta, anthu ambiri a OPEC kuiwala kuti akhale zamakono awo m'munsi. Paokha, mu nkhani iyi pali kokha Saudi Arabia ndi UAE. Mayiko amenewa anatha nthawi refocus sayansi national pa kuwongolera zamakono m'munsi mlingo. The zina States Member kudalira thandizo la makampani akunja kugwirizana pa maziko a Mapangano chilolezo.

Pang'onopang'ono akutulukira kuchokera vuto yapita, achiwembu ndi kupanda ogwira kwambiri oyenerera, womwe bwino kugwiritsa zikuchitika posachedwapa ndi konza mafuta ndondomeko kupanga. akatswiriwa makamaka ochokera m'mayiko amene nthawi zambiri akukumana kusamvetsetsa mwa anthu akuderalo.

Komabe, ngakhale mavuto atatu otchulidwa, pali mfundo ina maganizo - phindu kwa malonda a mafuta ndi mankhwala ake. The euphoria wa iwo inatenga kwenikweni theka lonse yachiwiri zaka mazana makumi awiri. Ndalama anathera mopanda nzeru, ndipo m'malo aganyali chitukuko cha zina za ndalama bajeti boma, iwo anali kupita mu ntchito ndi chiyembekezo chilichonse. Panthawi imeneyi zinthu zasintha: m'mayiko osauka ndalama padera mu mapulogalamu zachuma ndi chikhalidwe (koma osati nthawi zonse zothandiza), olemera - pa zomwe zina ndalama.

Gulu la - Mafuta Exporting Mayiko (OPEC) masiku ano ndi chida champhamvu kwa mpheto kwa onse zachuma ndi njira ndale. Komabe, mavuto a mkati mwa limati - mamembala si bwino kukhala okha. amenewa mu mphamvu ndi zofooka adzachititsa imfa ya udindo waukulu mu mafuta makampani dziko, ngati sunathetse.