Russian ukulu: kulimbana ndi mgwirizano

Mu XII-XV atumwi ku nthawi ang'onoang'ono kugawikana mu Lazaro analipo boma dongosolo - maufumu wakale. Mu X atumwi panali mitala, wakhala ponseponse m'nthawi zotsatirazi, - kufalitsidwa kwa dziko ndi akalonga kwambiri Russian, ana ndi abale ake, kuti XII m'ma zomwe zinachititsa kuti pafupifupi azingokhala wa Old boma Russian.

ulamuliro

Kukhala pa bolodi ake a dziko ndi mphamvu, mtundu uwu ogwirizira a mphamvu posakhalitsa anayamba kulimbana ufulu chuma ndi ndale ku likulu ndi izi akulephera citukuko ca maukulu Russian. Mu Madera onse a akalonga a mtundu wa Rurik (kupatula Novgorod, lomwe kale akuimira dongosolo kungafanane Republic) akhoza kukhala olamulira mwayekha amene anadalira zida zawo utsogoleri, wopangidwa mwa kalasi serviceman, ndipo analandira gawo la anapeza kuchokera m'madera subordinated. Feudatories (olemekezeka) ndi akuluakulu mkulu wa atsogoleri achipembedzo anali Boyar Duma - kufunsira ndi thupi chenjezo. Prince anali mwini waukulu wa m'dzikomo, ena amene anali naye, ndipo yotsala iye kuwataya monga wolamulira dera lawo, ndipo anagawanika pakati demesne chuma cha mpingo, atagwira boyars makonzedwe ndi atumiki awo.

Russian maukulu mu nthawi ya kugawikana

Mu nthawi ya kugawikana mu Russia dongosolo umoyo ndale zachokera dongosolo la makwerero ang'onoang'ono. Mpaka XII m'ma Kievan Lazaro ndi maukulu Russian phunziro kwa kudzipweteka zina mphamvu. Grand Prince wa Kiev walunjika utsogoleri wolowezana ang'onoang'ono, ndiye udindo uwu nazo ndiponso wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn Vladimir-Suzdal akalonga. wolowezana chapakati wotanganidwa ndi olamulira a maukulu zikuluzikulu monga Chernigov, Polotsk, Vladimir-Volyn, Rostov-Suzdal, Turov-Pinsk, Smolensk, Murom-Ryazan, Chigalashiya. Pa mlingo wotsikitsitsa anali omveka ndi awo aang'ono (akutumikira anthu otchuka mpandadzina).

Pofika cha m'ma XI, ndondomeko chiwonongeko cha maukulu lalikulu, ndi maukulu ambiri otukuka ulimi - Kyiv ndi Chernihiv zigawo. Popeza kuti mapeto a chiyambi cha XII m'zaka za m'ma XIII, kukuchititsa zimenezi kwasanduka chodabwitsa chilengedwe. Mwachilungamo kugawikana mofulumira anali mu Kiev, Chernigov, Murom-Ryazan, Turov-Pinsk maukulu. Pa mlingo wochepa kwambiri kuti kogwirizana ndi Smolensk ukulu, koma mu Rostov-Suzdal ndi wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu nthawi izi akufinya nthawi alternated ndi mayanjano zosakhalitsa pansi pa ulamuliro wa "akulu" wolamulira. nthawi ili yonse Novgorod dziko anakhalabe wokhulupirika ndale.

adani

M'nthawi ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono anayamba yofunika zikuluzikulu zonse Russian ndi dera Kalonga congresses. Nkhanizo mkati ndi kunja ndale. Koma iwo sakanakhoza kulepheretsanso kupezeka. mphindi ino ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito za Chitata Mongol khamu, dziko Russian ndi ukulu wa Russia sanathe agwirizane mphamvu kukana mokwiya kunja ndi chifukwa anataya ena gawo lalikulu la kum'mwera kumadzulo ndi kumadzulo malo ake omwe kenako anawonongedwa ndi asilikali a Batu Khan mu zaka XIII-XIV anali anagonjetsa Lithuania (Polotskoye, Kiev, Pereyaslavskoe, Chernigovskoye, Turovo-Pinsky, Smolenskoye, Vladimir-Volynskoye) ndi Poland (Galitskoe). Uko kunali kudzikonda kumpoto Russia (Novgorod , Murom, Ryazan ndi Vladimir dziko).

Masiku ano Russian maufumu kucheza kuyamba ndi kuyamba. XIV ndi N. Za m'ma XVI. "Anasonkhanitsa" ndi Moscow akalonga boma la Russia wapanga maulendo adzabwezeretse mgwirizano wawo.

Russian maukulu ang'onoang'ono

patsogolo National kwa akalonga Russian anali kumasulidwa kwa Russia kuchokera pa gori la Golden gulu ndi kuchira chuma, ndi kuchita ichi kunali koyenera kugwirizanitsa zonse, koma wina anali kuima pakati. Pa nthawi imeneyo, chinavumbula awiri amphamvu mtsogoleri - Moscow ndi Tver. Tver ukulu unakhazikitsidwa mu 1247 mu ulamuliro wa m'bale wam'ng'onoyo Aleksandra Nevskogo - Jaroslav Yaroslavovych. Atamwalira m'bale wake, iye anakhala kazembe wa lina la Tver ukulu (1263-1272 gg.), Amene anali ndiye amphamvu kwambiri Russia. Komabe, pa mutu wa ndondomeko yogwirizanitsa.

Ndi XIV m'ma mofulumira kwambiri anakwera Moscow, isanafike wa Chitata Mongol anali pang'ono mmalire chinthu Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu, koma ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XIV anakhala malo ofunika kwambiri ochitirapo ndale. Ndipo onse chifukwa iye anali ndi yabwino kwambiri malo m'mayiko ambiri. Kuchokera kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kwa khamu zalembedwa ake Ryazan ndi Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod ukulu, kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa - Novgorod ndi Tver ukulu. Forest padziko Moscow anali kuwoloka kwa asilikali okwera pamahatchi, ndi Chitata Mongol. Choncho, inflow alionse mu Grand ukulu wa Moscow Russian kuchuluka zayamba. Pali chinayamba ndi luso komanso ulimi. Moscow nayenso anakhala pakati wamphamvu wa dziko ndi madzi, ndipo izi zinathandiza kuti malonda ndiponso njira zomenyera nkhondo.

Moscow

Kudzera mtsinje Moscow ndi Oka Duchy wa Moscow anatuluka ku Volga ndi makhwawa wake kudzera zimachitika dziko Novgorod. Kusintha lamulo la Moscow akalonga anaperekanso zotsatira zabwino, monga adakhoza kupambana pa ena maukulu Russian ndi mpingo. Woyambitsa wa Moscow akalonga a mafumu anakhala Daniil Aleksandrovich - (. 1276-1303 gg) mwana wamng'ono wa Aleksandra Nevskogo. Mu ulamuliro wake, ndi ukulu wa Moscow kwambiri kuchuluka m'gawo lake. Mu 1301 izo anasamukira ku Kolomna, tawina ku Ryazan kalonga. Mu 1302, Pereyaslav kalonga, amene analibe ana, anapatsa chuma chake Moscow. Mu 1303 mu Moscow, iye anayamba Mozhaisk. Kwa zaka zitatu iye kawiri dera la Moscow ukulu, ndipo wakhala mmodzi wa waukulu kwambiri kumpoto cha kum'mawa kwa Russia.

Mozhaysk - pa chiyambi wa Moscow Mtsinje, ndipo Kolomna - pakamwa pa mtsinje unali kulamulira Moscow akalonga. Pereslavl-Zaleski - imodzi mwa nkhalango chonde - pambuyo kusintha kwa Moscow ukulu mwamphamvu analimbitsa umatha. Choncho, mkulu wa Moscow anayamba kulimbana ndi Tver ulamuliro waukulu. Monga nthambi mkulu wa Tver, Michael Yaroslavovich Prince analandira bwino gulu pa ulamuliro waukulu.

Kenako mu Moscow akulamulira Yury wa Moscow, amene anakwatira mlongo wa Khan Chiuzibeki Konchak (pambuyo Ubatizo Agafia). Khan anam'patsa ufumu. Ndiye Michael mu 1315 anagonjetsa kumuwombera wa Yuri ndipo analanda mkazi wake, amene anamwalira patapita Tver. Mikhail anaphedwa anaitana kwa gulu. Mu 1325 George anapha mwana wamkulu wa Mihaila Tverskogo - Ochititsa Chidwi Dimitri maso, kenako anawononga Khan Chiuzibeki, monga Chiuzibeki Khan atsata malamulo a msipu akalonga Russian, chifukwa cha Wamkulu ukulu wa Tver anali Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327 gg.).

Kugalukira ku Tver

Mu 1327 kunali zipolowe ku Tver ndi kudina wachibale Chiuzibeki. Opandukawo anapha Chitata ambiri. Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1340 gg.), Anapezerapo mwayi mphindi, anabwera Tver kwa Chitata Mongolia ndi kuletsedwa mkwiyo wa anthu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, chizindikiro pa ulamuliro chachikulu pa Moscow akalonga. Kalita anatha kukwaniritsa wogwirizana kwambiri ndi akuluakulu a tchalitchi ku Moscow. Choncho, Metropolitan Peter anasamukira ku moyo mu Moscow. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Moscow wakhala osati maganizo, komanso likulu la Russia. Mu ulamuliro wa ana Ivan Kalita Simeoni Chathu (1340-1353 gg.) Ndipo Ivan Yofiira (1353-1359 gg.) Kwa Duchy wa Moscow panaoneka Kostroma, Dmitrov, Starodubsky dziko ndi mbali ina ya dziko Kaluga.

Don

Prince wotchedwa Dmitry (1359-1389 gg.) Anali ndi zaka 9 anayamba kusamalira Moscow ukulu. Apanso, kulimbana wachifumu wa Vladimir Grand. Adani a Moscow anayamba poyera kuthandiza gulu. ikuimira kupambana ndi chigonjetso cha Moscow ukulu chinali kumanga woyera mwala Kremlin, umene unali ndi linga yekha ndipo malinga mwala Russia kumpoto kum'mawa. Kudzera mwa Moscow anatha kulimbana ndi chonena pa utsogoleri zonse Russian Tver, Nizhny Novgorod ndi kubweza Chilituyaniya Grand Duke Algirdas. Mokomera Moscow anasintha muyezo wa mphamvu mu Russia.

Ndi gulu kwa zaka za m'ma XIV umayamba nthawi ya chifooke mphamvu chapakati ndi kulimbana mpando wachifumu. Mu 1377 mtsinje anali ataledzera kumenyana mwansanga pamene gulu wosweka Muscovite asilikali. Koma patapita chaka mu 1378 pa mtsinje Vozha asilikali Murza Begich anagonjetsa wotchedwa Dmitry.

Nkhondo ya Kulikovo

Mu 1380 Khan Mamai anaganiza kubwezeretsa ulamuliro wa maiko Russian wa Golden gulu. Iye teamed ndi Chilituyaniya Prince Jagiello, ndipo anasamukira ku Russia. Prince wotchedwa Dmitry pa nthawiyo zinthu monga mtsogoleri wodziwa. Anasamukira kwa Chitata ndipo anawoloka Don, kumene nkhondo ndi mdani pa malire ake omwe. Ntchito yachiwiri anali kulimbana kwa musataye Mamai kuphatikiza mphamvu ndi Jagiello.

September 8, 1380 pa tsiku la Nkhondo ya Kulikov kucha chifunga, masiku 11 anangoyamba machesi ndi Russian wankhondo-mmonke Peresvet ndi Tartar wankhondo Chelubey. Chitata woyamba anaswa patsogolo Russian Regiment, ndipo mayi anga lapambana, koma ndiye kugunda kwa pambali abisalire Regiment woweruza wotchedwa Dmitry Bobrok-Volintsev ndi Prince Vladimira Serpuhovskogo. Ndi 15 koloko nkhondo zonse bwino. Chitata adathawa, chifukwa generalship phindu anayamba kuitana Dmitri Donskoi. Nkhondo ya Kulikovo kwambiri wofooka mphamvu ya gulu lomwe kenako potsiriza anavomereza Ukulu wa Moscow pa maiko Russian.

Tokhtamysh

Mamay anathawa atagonjetsedwa ku Kafu (Feodosiya), kumene anaphedwa. Mkulu wa gulu pamene Khan anakhala Tokhtamysh. Mu 1382 mwadzidzidzi anaukira Moscow. Pa nthawi Don anali kunja kwa mzinda, kotero iye anapita kumpoto kwa kusonkhanitsa Levy latsopano. Anthu molimba mtima nkhondo ndi bungwe la chitetezo cha Moscow. Chifukwa, Tokhtamysh outsmarted iwo, walonjeza kuti kufunkha mzinda, ndi nkhondo yekha motsutsa Don. Koma, amathamangira Moscow, iye anagonjetsa mzinda, ndipo analikuta msonkho.

Asanafe, Don anapereka ufulu kwa ulamuliro waukulu wa Vladimir mwana wake Vasily Ine, popanda kupempha chiguluchi bwino pa chizindikiro. Choncho ophatikizidwa maukulu Russian - Moscow ndi Vladimir.

Timur

Mu 1395 wolamulira Timur Tamerlane, anagonjetsa Central Asia, Persia, Siberia, Baghdad, India, Turkey, anapita ku gulu ndi kuuononga, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Moscow. Basil Ine mwa nthawi imeneyi anasonkhanitsa asilikali mu Kolomna. Mu Moscow kwa Vladimir anabweretsa Wolimbikitsa dziko Russian - chizindikiro cha Vladimir Mayi wa Mulungu. Pamene kotala chachiwiri Timur anapita ku Moscow ndipo anakhala m'dera Yelets, ndiye patapita kanthawi, iye anasintha maganizo ake mwadzidzidzi kupita ku Russia. Malinga ndi nthano, izo amagwirizana ndi chodabwitsa cha maloto Timur ambiri a Mayi Mariya.

nkhondo ang'onoang'ono ndi Union of Florence

Atamwalira Basil Ine kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIV, kulimbana kwa maukulu ndi ndewu Russian amatchedwa "ang'onoang'ono nkhondo." Mu Moscow ukulu pakati pa ana ake ndi zidzukulu kenako wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy anali nkhondo chenicheni cha malo a mpando wachifumu. Motero, iye anapita Vasily II Mdima, Muscovy zawonjezeka nthawi imeneyi ndi nthawi 30.

Basil II adakana wogwirizana (1439) ndi kuima pansi pa ulamuliro wa papa. Umodzi uwu anali ndi akapolo pansi napemphera monyenga yopulumutsa Russia ku Byzantium, Ottoman. Russia Metropolitan Isidore (Greek), amene anathandiza mgwirizano, nthawi yomweyo kuchotsedwa. Ndiyeno Metropolitan Bishop Yona Ryazan. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha ufulu wa Mpingo Russian Orthodox wa Orthodox wa Constantinople.

Atalandidwa Constantinople ndi Ottoman mu 1453, mtsogoleri wa Mpingo Russian anayamba kufotokoza mu Moscow. Orthodox amachirikiza kulimbana kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian. Tsopano kulimbana mphamvu anali kulekanitsa maukulu Russian, ndipo iye anayenda m'nyumba kalonga. Koma mapangidwe Wamkulu boma Russian anakhala sizingasinthe, ndipo onse anakhala anazindikira monga likulu Moscow.