Sitima chida "Tomahawk": history, maonekedwe, makhalidwe

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World pa Western zombo zachitika vuto ndithu kovuta. Pa dzanja limodzi, ena mwa iwo analibe mavuto. Pa zina - tinali mavuto ndi zikuchokera awo Mkhalidwe. Pa nthawi imeneyo, dziko lathu anaonekera zombo ndi zida zamphamvu mzinga, pamene panalibe pafupi chonchi ndi mphamvu Western. Maziko a zombo zawo ndi zombo, zida ndi machitidwe akale zida zankhondo ndi torpedoes.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, izo zinkawoneka anachronism zoopsa. Yekha ndi cruiser (a zinachitika ndege chonyamulira athu) "Long Beach" ndi nyukiliya ndege chonyamulira "ogwira ntchito". N'chifukwa chake pa mapeto a 60s anayamba ntchito thupi pa chilengedwe cha mivi ankalamulira sitima, amene akwanitsa kwambiri kusintha ankhondo mphamvu fleets lapansi. Choncho anabadwa roketi mapiko "Tomahawk".

The zatsopano loyamba

Inde, ntchito umenewu zinalengedwa Nthawi imeneyi, kotero kuti zitsanzo woyamba mofulumira zokwanira, kuchokera mapangidwe ndi akale. Woyamba yemwe anali chida likungosonyeza 55 mainchesi ntchito ndi launchers ngati "Polaris" lomwe linali kale ankaganiza kuti ndikagone. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti adzatha kuuluka kwa mtunda 3,000. Ntchito launchers lotha amaloledwa kuchita "magazi aang'ono" pamene retrofitting zapamadzi akale.

Chimake chachiwiri wakhala kwambiri tating'ono 21 inchi likungosonyeza roketi anafuna kuti athawe kwa sitima zankhondo oponya. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti mu nkhani iyi osiyanasiyana adzakhala pafupifupi 1,500 mailosi. Kunena mwachidule, sitima chida (US) "Tomahawk" adzakhala lipenga khadi umene ungampange akuyendeni pansi zombo Soviet. Kodi ndi Achimereka kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo? Tiyeni tifufuze.

opambana mpikisano

Mu 1972 (liwiro phenomenal, ndi njira) kale anasankha buku lomaliza la Launcher pansi mizinga latsopano wovuta. Ndiyeno potsiriza anavomereza makonzedwe pa nyanja wonse kuzika. Mu January, kutumidwa boma kale anasankha awiri ofuna kwambiri zingamuthandize kutenga nawo mbali mu mayesero m'ziwawa. Alembe woyamba anali odziwika bwino kupanga kampani General Mphamvu.

Zinali chitsanzo UBGM-109A. Chitsanzo chachiwiri linatulutsidwa pang'ono odziwika (ndi lobbied zoipa) kampani LTV: roketi UBGM-110A. Mu 1976 anayamba kuyesa mwa akuthamanga zitsanzo kuthamanga pa bolodi sitima zapamadzi. Ambiri, palibe okhala apamwamba, ndipo sankabisa kuti opambana kale anazindikira absentia 109A chitsanzo.

ayamikira latsopano

Kumayambiriro March, bungwe State anaganiza kuti anali US sitima chida "Tomahawk" adzakhala ndi n'zotsimikizira waukulu zombo pamwamba US. Patatha zaka zinayi, anapanga Launch loyamba la zinachitika pa bolodi USS. Mu June izi bwino mayesero ndege ya chida bwato Baibulo zapita chaka chomwecho. Izo zinali zopambana mu zochitika za m'mbiri ya zombo, monga anali Launch woyamba ku sitima zapamadzi a. Pa zaka zitatu zida zatsopano kwambiri kuphunzira ndi kuyesedwa, opangidwa za zana akuthamanga.

Mu 1983, a Pentagon analengeza kuti latsopano sitima chida "Tomahawk" mayesero kwathunthu ndi wokonzeka kuyamba kupanga mndandanda. Pa nthawi yomweyo tinali kugwedezeka zoweta zochitika zonse m'minda ofanana. Ife timaganiza kuti mudzakhala chidwi kudziwa za ntchito wachibale zida zoweta ndi zida angathe mdani wa Cold nkhondo. Motero, mabomba zimafika "Tomahawk" ndi "likungosonyeza" poyerekezera.

Kuyerekezera ndi "likungosonyeza"

• Hull kutalika popanda kuyamba accelerator ( "Tomahawk" / "kudziwa") - 5.56 / 7.2 m.
• Kutalika kwa mkuzamawu kuyambira - 6.25 / 8.1 m.
• Wingspan - 2.67 / 3.3 m.
• Kulemera kwa zokwana sanali nyukiliya - makilogalamu 450 (US / RF).
• Nyukiliya Mphamvu chimake - 150 / 100-200 kt.
• Flight liwiro sitima mivi "Tomahawk" - 0,7 M.
• Mlingo wa "likungosonyeza" - 0,7 M.

Koma simungathe akachite zinthu poyerekezera lomveka la ndege osiyanasiyana. Popeza kuti zida US Army ndi onse mivi latsopano ndi zosintha akale. Achikulire okonzeka yekha ndi warhead nyukiliya ndi kuwuluka mpaka 2.6 zikwi. Km. Latsopano chimbalangondo ochiritsira zokwana, osiyanasiyana sitima, "Tomahawk" mivi ndi mpaka 1.6 zikwi. Km. M'banja "gauges" akhoza kukwaniritsa mitundu onse a toppings, osiyanasiyana ndi 2.5 / 1.5 TH. Km motero. Ambiri, izi specifications chizindikiro mikono pafupifupi sasiyana.

Izi ndi zimene yodziwika mivi zimafika "Tomahawk" ndi "likungosonyeza". Yerekezerani zikusonyeza kuti mbali ya mitundu onse zida padziko zofanana. Ichi ndi liwiro makamaka. America nthawi anati fanizo ili mu maroketi awo apamwamba. Koma wamakono posachedwapa wa "likungosonyeza" kodi kuuluka pang'onopang'ono.

specifications Basic

The chitsanzo latsopano zida ikuchitika padziko ndege monoplane chiwembu. Nyumba cylindrical fairing mawonekedwe ogival. Phiko apangidwe ndipo recessed mu chipinda chapadera, yomwe ili m'chigawo chapakati cha roketi ndi, inali kuseri kwa stabilizer mtanda. Mu kupanga embodiments zosiyanasiyana nyumba ndi zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo, epoxy utomoni ndi mpweya CHIKWANGWANI. Onsewo ali otaya kukaniza otsika kwambiri chifukwa liwiro "Tomahawk" zimafika zida ndi mkulu. Aliyense "roughness" pamene makhalidwe ndi oopsa chifukwa nyumba amangokhala kugwa kusuntha.

Kuti maximally kuchepetsa aone chipangizo kwa locators padziko lonse nyumba kugwiritsa ntchito ❖ kuyanika wapadera. Nthawi zambiri pankhani imeneyi, sitima mivi "Tomahawk" (zithunzi zimene muona m'nkhani) ndi kwambiri kuposa mpikisano. Ngakhale akatswiri amavomereza kuti mosavuta ntchito mu makina ounikira chozemba wa ndege chitsanzo, imene zida ntchentche ngati kuli kotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mbali ya alili, ndi kutalika osachepera.

makhalidwe Warhead

Waukulu "yosangalatsa" wa mzinga ndi W 80 warhead. kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 123, kutalika - mita imodzi, awiri 30 cm Zolemba malire mphamvu angatifooketsere -. 200 kt. Kuphulika zikadzatha mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi cholinga lama fuyusi ndi. Pamene ntchito nyukiliya awiri munition chiwonongeko m'dera kuli anthu kungakhale kwa makilomita atatu.

Imodzi mwa mbali zofunika kwambiri chimene chimasiyanitsa ndi sitima chida "Tomahawk" ndi lalitali kwambiri akuloza molondola, chifukwa chimene zida angathe kumenya ang'ono-kakulidwe ndi akuyendetsa mipherezero. Mwina izi kuchokera 0,85 kuti 1.0 (malingana analamula ndi malo poyambira). Mwachidule, ndi lolondola "Tomahawk" zimafika zida ndi mkulu. warhead Non-nyukiliya ali ndi ena zida kuboola kanthu zingaphatikizepo mu kapangidwe kake kuti 166 bom likungosonyeza yaing'ono. Kulemera kwa aliyense woyang'anira mu nkhani iyi ndi 1.5 makilogalamu, onse ali mu zingwe 24.

kachitidwe Control ndi kutsata

Mkulu mwatsatanetsatane kutsata amaperekedwa ndi ntchito ophatikizana a kachitidwe angapo telemetry:

• Losavuta wa iwo - inertia.
• Pakuti kutsatira contours alili Yankho TERCOM dongosolo.
• Service zamagetsi-kuwala DSMAC kumanga amalola kwapadera mwatsatanetsatane kuponya zida zouluka molunjika kwa cholinga.

Tsatanetsatane wa madera ulamuliro

Dongosolo losavuta ndi inertia. Kulemera kwa zipangizo ndi makilogalamu 11, amangogwira ntchito pa gawo pulayimale ndi sekondale ya ndege. Pamafunikanso: pa bolodi computer, ndi nsanja inertial ndi altimeter mwachilungamo wophweka, ozikidwa pa barometer odalirika. Atatu gyro anatsimikiza kupatuka mtengo chida thupi kusiya njira chinakonzedweratu ndipo accelerometers atatu, njira imene pa bolodi zamagetsi molondola detects mathamangitsidwe wa accelerations. Yekha, dongosolo amalola kusintha mlingo wa pafupifupi 800 meters pa ola la ndege.

Kodi odalirika ndi zolondola DSMAC, amene Baibulo zotsogola nkhondo zimafika "Tomahawk BGM 109 A». Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito zida ichi chikhale chikumbukiro zida ayenera Pre-yodzaza ndi kafukufuku digitized a m'dera limene adzauluka Tomahawk. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti anapereka kumanga osati agwirire, komanso alili. zolinga zawo, poyamba, amagwiritsa osati US sitima mivi "Tomahawk" komanso zoweta "lubwe".

Information pa njira ndi zomera yamba

Pa zombo kwa yosungirako ndi kukulozani zida za mtundu uwu angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati oponya zonse ndi wapadera chiyambi ofukula kutsinde (monga za sitima zapamadzi). Koma zombo pamwamba, ndiye iwo ali wokwera chidebe launchers. Tikumbukenso kuti ngalawa sitima chida "Tomahawk", tikambirana makhalidwe a amene kusungidwa mu zitsulo kapisozi wapadera pokhala "kokhazikika" mu kuthamanga asafe wosanjikiza.

Yosungirako pansi pa zikhalidwe izi zimathandiza kuonetsetsa ntchito yachibadwa chipangizo kwa miyezi 30, komanso kuika mu yachibadwa oponya kutsinde popanda zosintha aliyense atsopano kamangidwe.

NKHANI mphamvu chipangizo

Pa sitima zankhondo American lili anayi muyezo oponya machubu. Iwo zili awiri mbali. Ngodya - madigiri 10-12, chimene chingathe kuchita oponya osiyanasiyana ndi akuya pazipita. Zimenezi angathe kuchepetsa zinthu telltale. Chitoliro lililonse limakhala tichipeza zigawo zitatu. Monga m'migodi zoweta oponya, miyala US ili pa odzigudubuza thandizo ndi kuwatsogolera. Kuwombera amasankha malingana kutsegula kapena kutseka unit chivindikiro, zomwe zimachititsa kuti n'zosatheka "anawomberedwa mpaka" pamene oponya linaphulika mu sitima zapamadzi kwambiri.

Pa kumbuyo kwa oponya ali ndi zenera kuonera kudzera zimene mungathe kuzisonkhanitsa ndi kudzazidwa M'mimbamo ake ndi makina boma, kuthamanga n'zotsimikizira. Palinso Ufumuyo mfundo ya zamagetsi sitimayo, amene akulamulira ndondomeko ya kutsegula chipangizo chimakwirira, kutsekedwa awo ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuyamba-mmwamba ndondomeko. Sitima chida "Tomahawk" (tingachidziwe mukhoza kuwerenga m'nkhani) ndi zipolopolo wanga chifukwa cha ntchito actuators ndi hayidiroliki. lina panalembedwa waikidwa pa chipangizo chilichonse awiri mbali iliyonse, zimachitikadi motere:

• Choyamba, dongosolo akudyetsedwa buku ena a wothinikizidwa mpweya, amene amachita imodzi pa ndodo ya yamphamvu ndi hayidiroliki.
• Chifukwa ichi, akuyamba kupereka madzi M'mimbamo oponya.
• Popeza mwamsanga wodzazidwa ndi madzi, ku gawo kumbuyo, mu M'mimbamo ndi pressurized, okwanira ejection roketi kapena looneka.
• Dongosolo lonse amapangidwa kuti imodzi ndi thanki jekeseni zikhoza olumikizidwa kwa chipangizo chimodzi chokha (kutanthauza awiri mbali zonse). Zimenezi zimathandiza si yunifolomu kudzazidwa oponya mabomba cavities.

Monga tanena kale, mu nkhani ya sitima padziko ntchito vertically oyenerera Launch canisters. M'malo mwake, pali akutulutsa ufa mlandu, amene amalola ena kuwonjezeka ndege osiyanasiyana sitima chida "Tomahawk" ndi kupulumutsa iye moyo amatisamalira engine.

Management yowotcha

Yokwaniritsira masitepe onse kukonzekera ndi zoona, kuyamba-mmwamba, ndi udindo osati ataima pa akatswiri antchito, komanso moto dongosolo ulamuliro (Aka CMS). zigawo zake anayikidwa mu chipinda looneka ndi pa kamlathoka. Kumene, perekani kuti chiyambe kugwira ntchito kokha ku malo chapakati. Palinso kuoneka zipangizo kuthetsa, kusonyeza makhalidwe a roketi ndi kukhala okonzekera zake zenizeni nthawi Launch.

Tikumbukenso mbali yofunika ya American kugwirizana panyanja. Amagwiritsa ntchito zovuta makina dongosolo kusintha ndi kusakanikirana. Mwachidule, ndi sitima zankhondo ochepa ndi zombo pamwamba omwe zida mivi zimafika "Tomahawk", makhalidwe ntchito zomwe zilipo m'nkhani, atumikire monga limodzi "chamoyo" ndi kumasula mivi pa mipherezero yemweyo pafupifupi imodzi. Polingalira za Mwina mkulu wa kumenya ngakhale chombo kapena pamtunda gulu mdani ndi dongosolo wamphamvu ndi magawo chitetezo adzakhala pafupifupi ndithu lidzawonongedwa.

Kukulozani ndi sitima chida

Pambuyo chiphaso cha dongosolo kuyamba kukonzekera preflight akuyamba, amene ayenera kutenga zosaposa mphindi 20. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuthamanga mu oponya chubu ndi poyerekezera ndi pa kuya kumiza kukhazikitsa mivi popanda choletsa chilichonse.

Ndi kulowa deta zonse zofunika kuchita ndi mfuti. Pamene chizindikiro umalandiridwa, hayidiroliki amakankhira chida mwa mgodi. Pamwamba pa izo nthawizonse zimayenda m'munsimu 50 madigiri ngodya, amene zimatheka chifukwa cha kachitidwe olimba. Posakhalitsa bwererani Pyrocartridges fairings ndi mapiko kuwuluridwa ndi stabilizers, boosters m'gulu.

Panthawi imeneyi chida ali nthawi popita ku okwera pafupifupi 600 mamita mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ndege njira alibe olumpha kutalika mamita 60, ndipo liwiro la -. Akufuna 885 Km / h. Choyamba, chiongoko ndi ndalama posinthana kusintha amapereka dongosolo inertial.

The kukulitsa

Today Achimereka ntchito nthawi kuonjezera ndege osiyanasiyana kamodzi makilomita zikwi zitatu kapena zinai. Kukwaniritsa zolozerazi zakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito injini yatsopano, utsi, ndi kuchepetsa misa ya roketi yokha. Kale imachitika kafukufuku pa chitukuko cha zida zatsopano zochokera mpweya CHIKWANGWANI analimbitsa mapulasitiki, amene ali wamphamvu kwambiri ndi kuwala, koma ndi wotchipa zokwanira kotero kuti iwo akhoza kuthamanga mu kuŵeta.

Chachiwiri, akufuna kwambiri kusintha yolondola kutsata. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zimenezi chikuyembekezeka chifukwa kukhazikitsa mamangidwe a mayunitsi latsopano roketi amachititsa yeniyeni Kanema pamalo.

Chachitatu, Achimereka kuti simusamala kuonjezera kuya kuthamanga mamita 60 (osachepera) mamita 90-120. Ngati bwino, ngakhale kuti kuyamba-mmwamba "Tomahawk" adzakhala kovuta kudziwa. Izo ziyenera kuti okonza zoweta panopa ntchito pafupifupi ntchito yomweyo, koma poyerekezera "lubwe" wathu. Komanso, ntchito ili m'kati m'dera la kuchepetsa Rada mivi siginecha ndi countermeasures chitetezo.

Chifukwa chaichi, iwo ankafuna kuti ntchito zamphamvu zambiri makompyuta ntchito limodzi ndi zipangizo zake phokoso yimitsira. Ngati zonsezi ntchito zovuta, komanso ngati liwiro adzakhala chinawonjezeka, "Tomahawk" angathandize kudutsa ambiri echelon dongosolo mpweya chitetezo.

mwayi wapadera KR ano American kupanga ndi kuthekera ntchito zawo monga UAV: ndi roketi kuwuluka za cholinga anafuna wa osachepera 3.5 maola pa nthawi imene iwo transmits deta onse pakati pa ulamuliro.

nkhondowo ntchito

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mizinga latsopano ankagwiritsa ntchito pa tsikuli "Opaleshoni chipululu Mphepo", limene anayambitsa mu 1991 ndipo ukuperekedwa boma la Iraq. Pa sitima zankhondo ndi zombo za zombo pamwambapa madzi America anapezerapo 288 "Tomahawk". Akukhulupirira kuti osachepera 85% ya iwo utakwaniritsa cholinga ananena. Pa nkhondo zambiri zida zokhudza United States kuyambira mu 1991 mpaka nthawi ino iwo anakhala osachepera 2,000 mivi sitima ya zosintha zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo ntchito kokha munitions sanali nyukiliya.