Space Olumikiza "Challenger" (chithunzi). Ngoziyo yoyenda "Challenger"

Space - airless malo kutentha kwa -270 ° C. Lotero aukali, anthu sangathe kupulumuka, kotero chombo nthawi kuika miyoyo yawo, kuthamangira mdima osadziwika wa chilengedwe chonse. Mu ndondomeko ya kuphunzira chilengedwe panali masoka ambiri amene amati anthu ambirimbiri. Mmodzi mwa anthu amenewo zikuluzikulu oopsa kuposa kale a astronautics imfa ya danga yoyenda "Challenger" zinachititsa kuti mamembala adalira anaphedwa.

Mwachidule za m'chombo

Mu 1967, United States NASA anapezerapo biliyoni pulogalamu "Space Mtengatenga System". Mwa chimango ake mu 1971, anayamba kumanga wa reusable spacecraft - Space yoyenda (English Space Olumikiza, limene kwenikweni anamasuliridwa kuti "chombo chinapangidwira"). Izo zinakonzedwa kuti shuttles amenewa amakhala ngati shuttles amathamangira pakati pa Dziko Lapansi ndipo kanjira, kukwera ndi kutalika kwa 500 Km. Iwo amayenera kukhala zothandiza yobereka payloads kuti okwerera yozungulira, kuchita zofunika unsembe ndi kumanga ntchito kafukufuku.

Imodzi mwa sitimazi anali danga yoyenda "Challenger" - yachiwiri danga yoyenda zinamangidwa pa dongosolo lino. Mu July 1982, anaitanidwa kuti azikatumikira ku NASA mu ntchito.

dzina lake linali ulemu kwa seagoing chombo, amene anaphunzira m'nyanja 1870s lapansi. maumboni a m'gulu NASA OV 99 zida.

Mbiri ya ndege

Mu April 1983 woyamba danga yoyenda "Challenger" wauka chaka kuyamba translational Kanema. Mu June chaka chomwecho, ndinayamba kachiwiri mu-kanjira yobereka awiri makina mauthenga komanso kuchititsa zatsopano mankhwala. Mmodzi mwa oyendetsa anali ndi American mkazi woyamba danga Sally Kristen ulendo.

August 1983 - wachitatu yoyenda Launch ndi usiku woyamba mu zochitika za pulogalamu danga American. Chifukwa, kanjira kutumiza mauthenga Kanema Insat-1b ndi kuyesedwa Canada manipulator "Canadarm" unayambitsidwa. Mission nthawi anali masiku 6 ndi pang'ono.

Mu February 1984, ndi yoyenda "Challenger" kumka ku malo koma ntchito za kuchotsa makina ena awiri mu kanjira sanakwaniritsidwe.

Chachisanu kuyamba mu April 1984. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya dziko, kukonza makina danga anapangidwa. Mu October 1984 panali kukhazikitsidwa kwa chimodzi, amene zinali zodzaza ndi pamaso pa bolodi spacecraft awiri chombo wamkazi. Pa ulendowu yapadera anapangidwa yoyamba m'mbiri ya danga American mu malo mkazi - Ketrin Sallivan.

Seventh ndege mu April 1985, eyiti mu July ndi chinayi ndege mu October chaka chino, akhala bwino. Ogwirizana ndi cholinga chimodzi - ndi kafukufuku zasayansi danga.

Chakhumi Launch January 28, 1986 unali yoyenda ndi oyendetsa amapha.

Okwana mu nkhani ya pa "Challenger" utumwi 9 bwino, anakhala masiku 69 mu mlengalenga, 987 anangopanga kusintha wathunthu mozungulira dziko buluu chake, "athamangadi" - makilomita miliyoni 41,5.

Ngoziyo yoyenda "Challenger"

Tsoka zinacitika pafupi ndi gombe la Florida, ndi 28.01.1986 pa 11 koloko mphindi 39. Panthawi imeneyi, pa Atlantic Ocean chakumene yoyenda "Challenger." Anakomoka pambuyo masekondi 73 ndege pa okwera 14 Km pamwamba pansi. Kupha onse mamembala asanu adalira.

Pa chiyambi pomwe wosindikiza mphete olimba chilimbikitso wakhala kuonongeka. Ku mbali iyi watentha accelerator kutsegula kumene ndege mtsinje kuchotsedwa pa mbali lakunja kwa thanki mafuta. The ndege adagonjetsa chofukizira mchira ndi zobala Kapangidwe ka thanki. chombo ankatembenukira zinthu zimene kuswa chosokonekera adaponya ndi kukana mpweya. The spacecraft yasochera ankafuna olamulira ndege, chifukwa wawonongedwa mchikakamizo cha katundu kuuluka bwino potsatira njira.

Space Olumikiza "Challenger" sanali okonzeka ndi dongosolo la gulu, kotero mwayi wa kupulumuka ogwira sanali. Koma ngakhale dongosolo choncho, chombo kuti agwa mu nyanja pa liwiro la 300 Km / h. zotsatira za mphamvu madzi pangakhale kuti akadali palibe amene anapulumuka.

adalira Last

Pa 10 chiyambi cha yoyenda "Challenger" anali kunyamula anthu asanu ndi awiri;

• Frensis Richard "Dick" Scobee - zaka 46, mkulu oyendetsa. American asilikali woyendetsa pamalo a msilikali wamkulu, NASA wokayenda pamwezi. Iye anapulumuka ndi mkazi wake, mwana wamkazi ndi wamwamuna. Iye anali atamwalira kupereka ya Zikho "Space Flight".
• Michael Dzhon Smit - zaka 40, co-woyendetsa. Mayeso woyendetsa pamalo a mkulu, wasayansi ya zakuthambo NASA. Iye anasiya mkazi ndi ana atatu. Iye anali atamwalira kupereka ya Zikho "Space Flight".
• Ellison Shoji Onizuka - zaka 39, katswiri kafukufuku. American NASA wokayenda pamwezi wobadwira Japanese, katswiri mayeso Mulingo wa msilikali wamkulu. Atamwalira, iye anali kupereka udindo wa wamkulu.
• Judith Arlene Resnik - zaka 36, katswiri kafukufuku. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri zabwino ndi chombo NASA. Professional aviator.
• Ronald McNair - zaka 35, katswiri kafukufuku. Wasayansi, wasayansi ya zakuthambo NASA. Padziko Lapansi, iye anasiya mkazi ndi ana ake awiri. Zikho ankati anali kupereka pa "Space Flight".
• Gregory Jarvis - zaka 41, payload katswiri. Injiniya. US Air Force Captain. Popeza 1984, wasayansi ya zakuthambo NASA. Adasiya nyumba, mkazi wake ndi ana atatu. Zikho ankati anali kupereka pa "Space Flight".
• Sharon Christa Corrigan McAuliffe - zaka 37, payload katswiri. Civic. Iye anali atamwalira kupereka ya Zikho wa Space - apamwamba US mphoto kwa chombo.

Za membala adalira otsiriza Christa McAuliffe ndi kunena pang'ono. Monga wamba akanakhoza kupeza malo yoyenda "Challenger"? Zikuoneka zosaneneka.

Krista Makoliff

Iye anabadwa pa 02/09/1948 ku Boston, Massachusetts. Iye anagwira ntchito ngati mphunzitsi wa mbiri English, ndi zamoyo. Iye anakwatiwa ndi ana awiri.

moyo wake anapita pa mwachizolowezi ndi anayeza mpaka mpikisano analengeza "Mphunzitsi mu Space" mu United States mu 1984. Maganizo ake anali kutsimikizira kuti aliyense wamng'ono ndi wathanzi anthu pambuyo kukonzekera mokwanira angathe kuuluka mu mlengalenga ndi kubwerera ku Earth. Anthu zikwi 11 ntchito yanuyi ndi ntchito anali Christa - zosangalatsa, upbeat ndi amphamvu mphunzitsi wa ku Boston.

Anapata mpikisano. Pamene wotsatila mutsogoleli George. W. Chitsamba Choyaka (Senior) pa mwambo mu White House anapereka wopambana wa tikiti, iye anangoyamba kulira chifukwa cha chisangalalo. Iyo inali njira ya tikiti.

Patapita miyezi itatu maphunziro akatswiri anazindikira Christa ndi wokonzeka kuwuluka. Iye anauzidwa kuti kuchotsa nkhani chiphunzitso ndi pa bolodi danga yoyenda amathera maphunziro angapo.

mavuto preflight

Poyamba, pa tsiku lokonzekera Launch chakhumi cha yoyenda danga kunali mavuto ambiri:

• Poyamba anakonza kugwira Launch pa January 22 kuchokera Baikonur John. F. Kennedy. Koma chifukwa cha mavuto gulu yamba anagwidwa oyamba 23, ndipo kenako January 24.
• Chifukwa cha chenjezo mphepo ndi otsika kutentha ndege anali kulephereka kwa tsiku lina.
• Kachiwiri, chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa kulephereka chiyambi cha January 27.
• M'kupita kwa njira yotsatira anayendera ndakufotokozerani mavuto angapo, choncho anaganiza zoika latsopano ndege tsiku - January 28.

M'mawa wa pa January 28, msewu kunali kuzizira, kutentha amagwa -1 ° C. The akatswiri kwachititsa nkhawa, ndi mu anakambirana pambali, iwo anachenjeza NASA utsogoleri kuti kwambiri zinthu mwina kungasokoneze boma la O-mphete ndipo analimbikitsa kachiwiri kaye tsiku Launch. Koma malangizo awa anakanidwa. Panali vuto lina: za kukhazikitsidwa PAD yokutidwa ndi ayezi. Zinali chopinga chachikulu, koma "mwamwayi", ndi 10 m'mawa ayezi anayamba kusungunuka. Start anaikidwa maola 11 ndi mphindi 40. Iwo anali ukufalitsidwa pa TV m'dziko. zochitika pa cosmodrome onse a America kuonera.

Yambani-ndi ngozi ya chombo cha ku "Challenger"

Pa 11 PM ya mphindi 38 udachita injini. Patapita mphindi 2 unit unayambitsidwa. masekondi 7 patsinde lamanja la accelerator unasweka imvi utsi, izo zinalembedwa malo kafukufuku ndege. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali katundu zimakhudza mantha pa injini chiyambi. Izi zachitika m'mbuyomu, izo akapsa kusindikiza waukulu mphete zomwe imapereka machitidwe odalirika kudzipatula. Koma kunali kuzizira mmawa, kotero mphete mazira wataya elasticity ake ndipo sakanatha kugwira ntchito monga kuyembekezera. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha ngozi.

Pambuyo masekondi 58 ndege mlengalenga yoyenda "Challenger" lomwe lili chithunzi mu pepala, ndinayamba kutha. Pambuyo masekondi 6 kuchokera thanki kunja anayamba kutayikira wa hydrogen madzi, pambuyo masekondi 2 kunja kwa thupi kuthamanga mafuta m'galimoto wakhala amagwa mlingo yovuta.

Pambuyo masekondi 73. ndege anakomoka thanki ya mpweya madzi. Mpweya ndi wa hydrogen ndi kuphulitsa, ndi "Challenger" anatayika mu fireball yaikulu.

zatsalira Search ngalawa Mitembo

Pambuyo kuphulika kwa danga yoyenda zinyalala zinagwa Atlantic Ocean. Search spacecraft wreckage ndi matupi a chombo anatenga pa US Department of Kumenyana ndi thandizo la asilikali ku Alonda Coast. March 7 pansi pa nyanja anapeza matupi a cockpit wa oyendetsa yoyenda. Chifukwa padzuwa yaitali kuti madzi a m'nyanja autopsy analephera kukhazikitsa chifukwa chenicheni cha imfa. Komabe, ife tinapeza pambuyo kuphulika, ndi chombo anali moyo chifukwa kanyumba awo monga chinang'ambika ku gawo mchira. Maykl Smit, Ellison Onizuka Dzhudit Reznik, nakhalabe amazindikira ndipo kuphatikizapo okwanira munthu mpweya. Ambiri mwina, pa chombo sanathe kupulumuka yaikulu zimakhudza mphamvu ya madzi.

May 1 kufufuza malo yoyenda zinyalala zinatsirizidwa kuchokera m'nyanja anacititsa 55% ya yoyenda lapansi.

Investigation mu zimayambitsa mavuto

An kufufuza mkati mwa zochitika zonse za tsoka limene NASA imachitika mu mobisa sitampu. Kumvetsa mfundo zonse mlanduwu zifukwa, chifukwa cha zomwe anapatuka danga yoyenda "Challenger" Pulezidenti US Ronald Reagan anakhazikitsa ntchito yapadera Rogers (m'malo mwa mutsogoleli William P. Rogers). Iwo wapangidwa ndi otchuka mu sayansi, malo ndi akatswiri aeronautical, chombo ndi asilikali.

Patapita miyezi ingapo bungwe Rogers wapereka lipoti pulezidenti, kumene zinthu zonse zinalengedwa anthu chifukwa cha panali ngozi ya chombo cha "Challenger." Komanso ananena kuti NASA utsogoleri inadequately analabadira chenjezo la akatswiri za mavuto anakumana ndi chitetezo cha ndege anakonza.

Zotsatira za kugwa kwa

Kugwa yoyenda danga "Challenger" atachititsidwa manyazi kwambiri kwa mbiri ya United States, pulogalamu "Space Mtengatenga System" anali phased kwa zaka 3. Chifukwa cha lalikulu kwambiri pa nthawi ya ngozi spacecraft United States zowawa zomvetsa ($ 8 biliyoni).

kusintha kwakukulu zinalengedwa dongosolo la chombo adzakhala kwambiri patsogolo otetezedwa.

Iwo anali reorganized ndi NASA dongosolo. Analenga bungwe palokha kuyang'anira chitetezo cha ndege.

kusonyeza chikhalidwe

Mu May 2013, pa zowonetsera kunja chokulungira wa mkulu filimu George. Hawes "Challenger". Mu UK, iye wotchedwa zabwino modabwitsa filimu ya chaka. chiwembu yake yochokera ku zochitika zenizeni ndi zinthu Ponena za Commission Rogers.