Stoicism - umenewo ndi malangizo nzeru? Chofunikira ndi khalidwe stoicism

Pa wakale stoicism nthanthi - mtundu wa msonkho kwa ukoma umene umaphunzitsa aliyense makhalidwe kuti ndi udindo. mbalume izi anakhazikitsa pa mochedwa nthawi imene ulamuliro, ndi analiko akale kwa zaka zambiri. Dzinali, maziko ndi chofunikira gulu limeneli walandira ku Greece, koma posakhalitsa anakhala wotchuka mu Ufumu wa Roma. Sikutheka kuti ndikuuzeni kuti stoicism ichi, mwachidule. Chifukwa ife kudalira mabuku a anzeru akale, monzama kwambiri, kuganizira mfundo imeneyi.

Origin ndi Kufotokozera

Deti limeneli la maziko a sukulu ya Stoicism mu dziko wakale ankaona IV m'ma BC. Zinali ndiye mu Kukhonde la Stoa Poikile unachitikira woyamba maonekedwe onse a Zeno wa Kition. Ankasewera udindo wa mphunzitsi ndipo anandiuza kuti aliyense anapeza ndi mawunikidwe m'munda wa nzeru. Choncho adakhala woyambitsa wa sukulu watsopano, amene pambuyo pake kwenikweni inamera mbalume zina ndi olakwika. Kunena zoona, nzeru Asitoiki - izo ndi mtima, kulimba, kuuma ndi kukana onse a mavuto. Tikhoza kunena kuti fano la Asitoiki lililonse pamene anali amasonyezera pa chifaniziro cha anamatetule akale, mwamphamvu mizu m'mitima mwa anthu European. Mawu amenewa wakhala yodziwika kupirira anthu, unsentimental, amene amasangalala chifukwa cha ntchito kwa anthu ena. Komanso Dziwani ndi kuti stoicism - kusiyiratu mavuto chifukwa iwo kusokoneza munthu kuganizira rationally ndi kuganiza.

periodization

Mu nkhani imeneyi, maganizo a akatswiri amasiyana. Akatswiri ena kusiyanitsa mu mbiri ya sukulu iyi otchedwa ziro nthawi. Akukhulupirira kuti Stoa Poikile anzeru amene anali ankaziona monga Asitoiki pa moyo, ati zaka 300. asanabadwe woyambitsa wa gulu limeneli. Mwatsoka, mayina awo anataya.

Choyamba Nyengo - Ancient ubwenzi. Umayambira IV m'ma II BC. protagonist ake anali, ndithudi, woyambitsa - Zenon Kitiysky. Pamodzi ndi iye Cleanthes ndi Chrysippus wa Soli. Gawo loyamba la stoicism imatengedwa kukhala yekha Greek, kunja chiphunzitso dziko siinafike kunja. Atamwalira wakeyo ophunzira awo ankachita mabizinezi. Ena mwa iwo ndi Diogenes ya Babulo, mabokosi a Mallus, Antipater, ndi zina zotero.

Avereji Chakhalapo, Asitoiki kapena Platonism. Pali II kwa Ine m'ma BC. The atchulidwa a chi - Posidonius ndi Panaetius. Ndi oimira awa a Stoicism nayamba kunyamula chidziwitso chawo mu Roma, kumene kenako nayenso anakhala otchuka. Sukulu anapitiriza kukhala ana awo - Dardan, Diodotus, Athenodorus ndi ena.

Mochedwa ubwenzi - I m'ma II AD. Nthawiyi imatchedwanso Roma Stoicism, monga boma wapitiriza chitukuko cha chiphunzitso. Akuluakulu oimira wa Age Chachitatu ndi Mark Avrely, Seneca ndi Epictetus.

Nthawi zina asayansi olekanitsidwa ndi nthawi chachinayi kuli sukulu limene lifanane ndi wachitatu. Pankhaniyi yamasika izo ukufanizidwa zokhudza chiphunzitso cha Plato Asitoiki ndi Pythagoreans. The wosewera yeniyeni apa ndi Filon Aleksandriysky.

Pa zomwe maziko ndi maganizo amenewa?

Kuti timvetse choperekedwa pa nthawi anzeru ankaganiza kuti kuika mu atsogoleri a anthu ena, tiyenera kumvetsa zimene chiphunzitso cha stoicism. Chiphunzitso cha sukulu imeneyi, yomwe ndi "setifiketi" Zenon, chidagawika patatu. Izi zinali nzeru, sayansi ndi chikhalidwe (omwe ndi ndondomeko). Nthawi zambiri anali poyerekeza ndi munda ukufalikira, komwe ndi mfundo - mpanda woteteza, sayansi - kukula mtengo ndi makhalidwe - zipatso zake. Mofanana ndi zitatu mbali iyi wogawanika, ndi dzira - chipolopolo, yolk ndi woyera (mu ndondomeko kudziwika). Mnzake Zeno, Cleanthes, ankakhulupirira kuti stoicism - maphunziro kwambiri chofala kwambiri, chifukwa pazikhalanso zigawo zambiri. Iye anayambitsa nkhani monga dialectic, apamwamba, ndale, chikhalidwe, zamulungu, ndi sayansi. Anthu anzeru amene anapitiriza kukhala chiphunzitso atamwalira tate wa, anabwerera ku chiphunzitso choyambirira monga zinthu zitatu.

mfundo

Asitoiki mfundo tichipeza mfundo mwangwiro ongolankhula, omwe ayenera kukhala zolondola. Izi yomweyo kuona kuti iwo sizingafanane, kuyambira chiphunzitso cha aliyense wotsatira amakana kulondola kwa amene m'mbuyomu. Pochitika nthawi imeneyi mu phunziro n'kofunika chifukwa, monga momwe kwanenedwera ndi Chrysippus, icho chimasintha chikhalidwe cha moyo zakuthupi. Choncho, ife tione zinthu zochepa chabe zomveka mfundo stoicism:

• Ndipo ngati alipo, ndiye pali VA, ndipo mwa kutero, pali VA
• A ndi B nthawi yomweyo kulibeko. Ndipo Chotero, sangaonekerenso.
• Pali mwina A kapena B. Pankhaniyi, B palibe. Choncho, A alipo.

sayansi

Kuti timvetse chigawo ichi, nkofunika kukumbukira kuti stoicism nthanthi - ndi chinthu mwangwiro zakuthupi. Ndi pa nkhaniyi n'zochokera zonse ankaphunzitsa kuti kukana makhalidwe, ndi zinthu zina chinthu chosaoneka ndi maso ndi zosamvetsetseka. Choncho, Asitoiki dziko limaoneka ngati chamoyo moyo, umene ndi gawo zinthu zakuthupi Mulungu, amene analenga zinthu zonse izi. Motero ali yekha, tsoka limene anakonzeratu ndi Mlengi - m'nkhani ino amatchedwa thanthwe. Chifukwa chokana aliyense dongosolo la Wam'mwambamwamba ndiye osathandiza, ngakhale chilango. Asitoiki ankakhulupirira kuti kwa kukhazikitsa ngongole yake munthu wakumana ndi chilakolako kuti amakhala wofunika kwambiri munga ake. Tayani maganizo a munthu amakhala amphamvu ndi wokonzeka kumenyana. Mphamvu nayenso - nkhani wosakhwima, amene anatumizidwa ndi Ambuye.

makhalidwe Stoicism

Mbali koyenela la Asitoiki poyerekeza ndi cosmopolitans. Iwo amanena kuti munthu aliyense ali nzika ya chilengedwe chonse, ndi aliyense ofanana pamaso pa Mlengi wawo. Pa Mzere wina ali ambuye ndi akapolo, akunjawo ndi Ahelene, amuna ndi akazi. Ancient Stoicism limaphunzitsa kuti aliyense akhale mtundu amatsogolera Ku malankhulidwe, zimapangitsa kudziletsa chitukuko ndi bwino. Pankhaniyi, zopatuka aliyense ku chiphunzitso cha mwambo wawo, zilakolako kapena machimo sanachite ankaona kuti m'munsi. Ngati kwambiri mwachidule anafotokoza, ndi Stoicism chikhalidwe ndi kuti mbali zithunzi ndi imodzi ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu za Pulani yonse. Ndipo amene amagwirizana ndi tsoka izi pambuyo pake, amene adzandikana tsogolo lake, limakokera miyendo.

Kulemba zambiri

Tikatha anayang'ana pa zinthu zonse amapanga stoicism, mwachidule kukufotokoza. Muyenera mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, popanda kuvulaza ena ndipo nokha. Iwo ayenera kugonjera adzawonongedwa, kupita ndi otaya, chifukwa zonse ali ndi chifukwa. Iwo ayenera kukhala wopanda tsankho, wamphamvu ndi wolimba mtima. Munthu ayenera kukhala okonzeka zopinga zilizonse kuti ndikhale munthu wabwino komanso wothandiza kwambiri kwa dziko ndi kwa Mulungu. Stoicism komanso khalidwe mabodza zokonda zake. Amene pali anayi: kunyansidwa, zosangalatsa, mantha ndi chilakolako. Pewani ngati thandizo "Inu Logos" - chiweruzo zolondola.

Ancient Chakhalapo ndi chitukuko

Mu zaka zambirimbiri, pamene Stoicism anayambitsa yekha ku Greece, anavala ongolankhula kuposa zothandiza. akatswiri onse amene anali kumbali yake, kuphatikizapo anayambitsa yekha, pored pa chilengedwe cha chiphunzitso, kulemba maziko a sukulu. Iwo bwino, ngati ife tingathe kuona lero. Panali inferences yeniyeni zina zakuthupi m'munsi mu "sayansi" gawo, komanso zotsatira zimene headlined mawu "chikhalidwe". Malinga ndi anamatetule wakale Greek, akamanena za Stoicism lagona awiri. Izi zikusonyeza anapezazo kuti amaonedwa zomveka. Mwina Asitoiki ndi amene analemba mawu otchuka "mu mkangano anabadwa choonadi."

Middle siteji ya chitukuko

Kumayambiriro kwa kusintha kwa Nthawi, pamene Greece anakhala njuchi ya amphamvu ndi wamphamvu wa Rome, chidziwitso Agiriki anakhala chuma cha Ufumu. Aroma nawonso, anasankha kuthana njira, chifukwa sukuluyi wa ganizo watha kukhala mwangwiro ongolankhula. Pang'onopang'ono, zinthu zonse yotengedwa ndi Ahelene, anayamba ntchito mchitidwe. Iwo ankagwira anamatetule Greek anatakasa asilikali a asilikali achiroma. mawu awo amatumikira monga thandizo ndi kuthandiza anthu oonongeka mu moyo. Komanso kwa zaka la Asitoiki kotero anazolowera anthu, amene pang'onopang'ono zokha nkhope (koma osati kwathunthu) pakati pa ambuye ndi akapolo komanso pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Mwachidule, dziko Roma kukhala woganizira anthu, wololera komanso ophunzira.

nzeru Roma. Stoicism mu zaka otsiriza aliko

Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yatsopano ichi kale kukhala mtundu wa chipembedzo ndipo osalembedwa hayala moyo wa aliyense wa Chiroma. Nzeru lonse la stoicism, maganizo ake, malamulo ndi mafanizo m'mbuyomu. Mu moyo ophatikizidwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za anzeru Greek - ndi kukhala ndi zinthu za chirichonse ndi aliyense, tsankho thanthwe kugonjera. Koma apa m'pofunika kutsindika kuti mu dziko pa nthawi ino uyamba kufalikira Chikhristu, amene pang'onopang'ono amagonjetsa mayiko onse a ku Ulaya ndi Asia. Ndipo zimene zinalili mu Ufumu wa Roma? Kwa Aroma, Stoicism - ndizo zonse. chiphunzitso ichi ndi moyo chawo, chikhulupiriro chawo. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti anthu ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi chikhalidwe. Iye ayenera kukhala ozizira, odekha ndiponso anam'letsa. Koma lingaliro lalikulu, zimene zinabweretsa Aroma okha, potengera nzeru za Agiriki - ndi kulimbana ndi imfa. Malinga ndi iwo, munthu amene anachita ndi vuto limeneli, ndi imodzi mwa mbali zofunika kwambiri za chilengedwe.

Features wa chitukuko cha Stoicism ku Rome

Ndithudi, ngati ife tikulankhula za imfa, za mantha, ndiye chizindikiro choonekeratu kuti nzeru za akutembenukira kwa zamulungu. Chachiwiri, monga mukudziwa, anthu ali ndi mantha, choncho kumvera ziphunzitso zonse, izi zonse ulamuliro dyera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndi stoicism Roma amamuonera osati pamlingo waukulu, komanso zolinga zimene sizikuyenda bwino. Oimira ake (ndipo anali ambiri anthu osankhika) nkhani sanalinso kudziletsa chitukuko ndi umodzi ndi chirengedwe, ndi subordination wathunthu wa thanthwe, ndi imfa awoawo "Ine". Pankhaniyi, cholinga chachikulu chinali kuthana ndi imfa. Ndikutanthauza, aliyense anali kudikira kuti nthawi iliyonse zikhoza kukhala ndi palibe nkhawa. Makamaka bwino amajambulapo maluwa okongola amenewa akuwoneka mu ntchito za Epictetus. Iwo mizu pambuyo Stoicism anatenga yekha Mark Avrely - Mfumu ya mphamvu kwambiri.

Lumikizanani ndi Chikhristu

Mu zaka zoyambilira linakhalapo, Chikhristu si mu mphambano iliyonse ya padziko lonse wapeza otsatira. Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu sangathe amakana zikhulupiriro zakale, miyambo ya makolo awo. Nthawi zina, iwo unali olumikizidwa ndi Chikhristu (dualism), kachitidwe chomwecho zimawonedwa mu Ufumu wa Roma. Kuyambira m'nthawi ya AD woyamba m'chigawo mwaunyinji anayamba kufalitsa Stoicism. Izi angayerekezedwe ndi malamulo watsopano, amene anakhala kuvomerezedwa aliyense. Pa mphwayi ndi mgwirizano ndi zachilengedwe, Aroma kwenikweni misala, koma posachedwapa maso awo anayamba kusintha mchikakamizo cha chikhulupiriro chatsopano. Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu nthawi, kuphatikizapo mafumu kulamulira, sanamvere Chikhristu. Patapita zaka, ndi maziko a ziphunzitso zachipembedzo kukhala wowonjezera. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti Chikhristu nthawi kuti panali chipembedzo wamng'ono, pamafunika maziko ena, amene anatha kupereka stoicism. Tsopano inu mukhoza bwino mme- ubwenzi. Ndipotu ziphunzitso onse, tikuuzidwa kuti sitingathe okondera, simungathe amachita makhalidwe zoipa, mantha. Onse Chikhristu ndi Stoicism - chiphunzitso cha ubwino, nzeru, mphamvu, ndi kuti Ambuye n'ngovuta kumumvetsa, ndipo aliyense wa ife ayenera kukhala pansi pa dongosolo lolamulira.

Paradoxes ndi zochitika

Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti chiphunzitso zina chimene chimafika zaka mazana angapo Choncho, ndi anthu osiyana, chifukwa wapangidwa za umboni ndi absurdities. Iko kunali nzeru Asitoiki. Chiphunzitso chimenechi anabadwa mu BC IV zaka analipo ndiye zaka 600. Pa chitukuko panali osati kusintha kwa appatizma kwa mtima woipa. Pa mtima vuto chinali chifukwa chakuti anthu pa yomweyo wamng'ono kwa Mulungu ndi cholinga chake, koma pa nthawi yomweyo internally amakhalabe ufulu. Kuti m'chikaiko chowakaikitsa maganizo analalikira Asitoiki ambiri mu Greece ndi ku Rome. akatswiri a masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti ndi mmodzi wa zipani ku chiphunzitso zomveka. Poti woyamba ndi silikuphatikiza zolondola chachiwiri ndi mosemphanitsa.

Stoicism lero

Kukumana m'zaka 21 la Asitoiki lililonse kovuta. Chiphunzitso cha ziphunzitso wakale kumvetsa kapena ofufuza amene zikugwira izi mwatcheru, kapena azamulungu, otsatira a zipembedzo ambiri East (pali kufanana kwambiri ndi maganizo a Stoicism). Aliyense wa ife m'chaching'ono akhoza kudziwa olemba akale a Baibo. Mu chilungamo tisaiwale kuti ngakhale mfundo chopatulika maziko akale zamulungu Roma. Koma nthawi zina anthu a nthawi wathu amatchedwa Asitoiki. Izi zimachitika pamene munthu kwathunthu amapereka mmwamba, akukhala fatalist wotaya chikhulupiriro chonse mwa inu nokha ndi mphamvu zanu. Anthu - ndi mphwayi lililonse, amene mopepuka kupindika iliyonse ya tsoka, imfa iliyonse kapena malo. Iwo sanali kwenikweni kusangalala ndi moyo komanso Musadandaule ngati pali chinachake choipa.

afterword

Stoicism nzeru - ndi sayansi, amene wakhalapo zaka wafunsira kwambiri kwa chidziwitso ndi ziphunzitso anatuluka mu Middle Ages. Asitoiki ankakhulupirira kuti thambo ndi chuma, ndipo aliyense wa foni yake, aliyense amafotokozera ali tsogolo yake ndi cholinga. Chifukwa Mulimonsemo n'zosatheka kupewa zinthu zimene zidzachitika. Chirichonse chimene chimachitika ali chifukwa chake, ndipo anthu mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, ndi patsogolo zinthu moyo, adzakhala gawo woyenera wa chilengedwe chonse. Yemweyo amene amatsutsa zonsezi adzakhala wosasangalala. Pakuti tsoka lake Mulimonsemo zoyembekezeka, osati kwa iyo. Chifukwa aliyense ali ndi ufulu wosankha. Munthu akhoza kubwera kwa mawu ndi tsoka ndi moyo chimwemwe ndi chisangalalo mpaka imfa yake. Kapena kutsutsa zonse, n'kukhala ndi ena wosasangalala.