Supreme Administrative Commission, Loris-Melikov. Zikuchokera ndi chaka cha chilengedwe

Creation a Wamkulukulu Administrative Commission anali chochitika chofunika m'mbiri ya ndale za Russia. kuli mfundo imeneyi thupi kumasonyeza pofuna ulamuliro wa Tsarist za m'ma 19 mochedwa kulimbana ndi maganizo onse, chifukwa cha zomwe anali kuyembekezera zogwirizana kusintha structural.

Kodi mtundu wa ntchito

Mu 1880 mphamvu za ulamuliro tsarist anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa Supreme Administrative Commission. Chaka chino unali wotchuka ndi kulimbana yogwira ndi ulamuliro autocratic za kayendedwe chosintha. Mwa mbiri yakale akukhulupirira kuti chifukwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Commission anali kuphulika, anakonza otsutsa tsarist pa February 5 pa Zima Palace.

Man, mwachindunji umene anali Supreme Administrative Commission - Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich. The zikuchokera thupi m'gulu K. P. Pobedonostsev, A. K. Imeretinsky, M. S. Kahanov ndi ena otchuka kanjedza anthu. Creation a Wamkulukulu Administrative Commission, monga ena a mbiri yakale, anali wolumikizana ndi kufunika streamline ntchito mabungwe yazamalamulo ku likulu la Russian Ufumu wa nkhope cha kukwera chosintha mtima.

ntchito

Supreme Administrative Commission udaikidwa kuphatikiza ntchito ya boma mabungwe osiyanasiyana yazamalamulo (kuphatikizapo makhoti). Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito ntchito anali kukula kutsutsa ntchito ya boma. The ntchito zimene anakumana ndi gulu, ndiye kuti imathandizira Kufufuza akuwakayikira mu analakwira boma, poyankha nkhani ya chilango mawonekedwe limasonyeza, oyang'anira za akuluakulu apolisi oyang'anira.

Mwa mbiri yakale, pali lomwe Loris-Melikov linalowererapo mwakhama ntchito ambiri mfundo boma Komabe, zathandizira kuthandiza anamuperekeza mfumu. Ndipo kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Supreme Administrative Commission akhoza imawunikidwa monga mwambo chabe - zosankha chinsinsi anapanga, mwanjira ina, pansi pa mzere tsarist. Ndipo chifukwa, molingana ndi azambiriyakale, n'zosadabwitsa anali chakuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa Supreme Administrative Commission posachedwa zinachititsa chiyembekezo chakuti ake. Loris-Melikov ankapita ndi unduna wa za M'dziko.

ANAKULIRA maonekedwe

Mu otchuka magwero historiographical kunena ndi lomwe kukonza ikuchitika ndi boma tsarist mu zaka 60-70 zaka za m'ma 19, anali ndi zizindikiro za kusatsatira ngakhale kuti anagwira angapo zizindikiro mwapang'onopang'ono: chitukuko cha zinthu capitalist ndi kukula m'munsili wa za cuma, kulimbikitsa kuti dziko la ku mayiko m'bwalomo.

Supreme Administrative Commission, mbiri yakale amati, ali anatuluka monga yankho ku boma tsarist za zinthu zovuta ndale - unayamba kuonekera mabungwe kufunafuna kukonza deficiencies mu ulamuliro wa dziko ndi njira chosintha. Komanso mbali yaikulu ya anthu Russian anasonyeza ndi ndale, ndipo panali chiopsezo kuti kwakukulu selo adzalandira chifundo pamaso pa nzika.

Umunthu Loris-Melikov

Tarielovich Mikhail Loris-Melikov anabadwa mu 1824 mu Tiflis. banja lake ali mizu Chiameniya. Iye anaphunzira pa Institute of Oriental Zilankhulo Lazarev. Ndiye - m'masukulu lankhondo la St. Petersburg. Mu 1843-47 anakagwira ntchito Hussars mu Grodno. zaka ndiye zingapo akumenyana mu Caucasus, pambuyo kutenga mbali mu Crimea nkhondo ndipo anayamba nkhondo yaikulu asilikali pakati Russia ndi Turkey. Pambuyo pangano mtendere pakati Mphamvu anaikidwa wogwirizira wolamulira wamkulu wa Astrakhan, Saratov ndi Samara, Ine ndakwanitsa kuthetsedwa vuto la kulimbana miliri yoopsa m'chigawochi. Iye ankagwira ntchito Kazembe-General mu Kharkiv, pamene iye anachita nawo kusintha kwa zida boma. Kamodzi lotsogoledwa ndi bungwe boma latsopano lotchedwa Supreme Administrative Commission (1880).

Loris-Melikov, zinthu mu dziko

Mu Maulendo Ake za mikhalidwe imene ntchito Supreme Administrative Commission, Loris-Melikov anatsindika kuti choyamba ankafuna kutsimikizira nzika. Ndiyeno kokha kuchita kusintha. Antchito analemba kuti Russian Tsar anali wotanganidwa ku mbali zosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, ndi m'bwalolo mfundo yachilendo - mphamvu zazikulu amakakamizidwa mfumu kusintha ndi Ottoman anasaina San Stefano Mtendere pa mawu akumane Russia. Kachiwiri anzeru Russian adamfunsa ndondomeko ya kusintha: chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu 1861, kunali koyenera kuti azolowere kumasula wamba mikhalidwe yatsopano ya chuma. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti akupitirirabe ndiwofatsa mwapang'onopang'ono amaganiza anthu, akukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa 1861 zinali zosagwirizana ndi zenizeni Russian.

Choyesera Constitution la Loris-Melikov

Mu January 1881 Loris-Melikov akufuna kuti Mfumu Alexander Wachiwiri kwa chikalata muli mfundo ya kusintha kayendetsedwe, amene, mtsogoleri maganizo, anali okwanira chilengedwe ndale komanso. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale wotchedwa chikalata ichi "Constitution la Loris-Melikov." Bukuli mwatsatanetsatane kulenga ntchito kwa yokonza malamulo zokhudza nkhani zachuma, kasamalidwe mu zigawo ndi mapangidwe zakonosoveschatelnogo ntchito. The zikuchokera matupi awa ayenera kulowa ziwanga osankhidwa mu Zemstvos akuzigawo ndi makonsolo oyang'anira tauni.

Cholinga chachikulu cha kusintha anali kulenga bungwe wa mavoti otchuka, ndi zinachitika wa Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mfumu kodi simusamala lingaliro. Koma pa tsiku pamene Alexander II zinasaina kusodza Kudandaula boma pa nkhani ya kusintha zigawenga "Narodnaya Volya" anapanga chiwembucho mfumu. Mfumu sakanakhoza kupulumuka.

Populists

Kapangidwe chachikulu, limene, mogwirizana ndi azambiriyakale ambiri, akuimira vuto lalikulu ku boma tsarist anali "Narodnaya Volya". Bungweli anali zigawenga dongosolo, koma ndi kulolerana wa njira zopezeka mu njira ndale. Mu malo ake mapologalamu m'gulu kulanda mphamvu ndi kugalukira chosintha ndi likhale wotsatira ya kusintha demokalase. "Narodnaya Volya" ankakhulupirira kuti kuukira - njira yabwino kwambiri kutsutsa boma.

Mu February 1880 iwo anapanga bungwe kuphulika mu Zima Palace, zimene zinachititsa kuti kufunika kupanga dongosolo chotero, ngati Supreme Administrative Commission. Chaka cha chilengedwe cha thupi, malinga ndi akatswiri ena anali yodziwika ndi maganizo apamwamba chikhalidwe mu Russia.

History kuonetsetsa Kukwanilitsa dongosolo Russia

Ngakhale kuti nthawi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Supreme Administrative Commission - chaka kalikiliki ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, amene analibe, molingana ndi azambiriyakale ambiri, monga mmene anafotokozera mu maonekedwe a m'mbuyomo zaka zingapo, monga thupi anali prototypes mbiri. Makamaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 17, mfumu analengedwa otchedwa Order zokhudza chinsinsi, cholinga kuti aziona ntchito mabungwe kiyi boma ndi khalidwe la kufufuza zokhudzana ndi ntchito andale. Icho chinakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi ya Peter Chiwalitsiro dongosolo. Ulamuliro ali ntchito kufufuza precedents chipongwe Mfumu umunthu, ntchito zoukira boma, zosayenela asilikali. Mu zaka za m'ma 18 izo unakhazikitsidwa thupi latsopano - Ofesi ya kufufuza milandu, ndi zaka zochepa - Chinsinsi ulendo cholinga kufufuza nkhani ya wakuswa kukhazikika. M'zaka wotsatira, nkhani mkati mwa ufumu anapeza mayina osiyanasiyana. M'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa, pamene mu dziko pakufunika kutsutsa magulu kwakukulu, anadza Supreme Administrative Commission.

Zotsatira mbiri ya bungwe la

Mwa mbiri yakale, pali Baibulo kuti Supreme Administrative Commission thupi limene anali kuchita mwachindunji pa mapangidwe Union ndipo kenako dongosolo la makono a mabungwe boma la lamulo. Mu ena deta historiographical mauthenga imene inayamba mu 1917, potsimikizira-chosintha ziwalo boma la Soviet mu ntchito zake zinali zofanana kwambiri ndi Supreme Administrative Commission. Ndiye NKVD analengedwa, panali nyumba monga ya unduna Internal ndi KGB.

Mu 1991, akuluakulu a boma zakhazikitsidwa, isanafalikire nyumba mu ntchito ya Soviet wa RSFSR. Utatha wa USSR panali Russian Mkati Utumiki ndi FSB. Choncho, n'zomveka kunena mmene kwambiri udindo mbiri ya thupi monga Supreme Administrative Commission: 1917-TH - kunachitika - chaka anali nthawi yoyesedwa boma la mtundu watsopano kutsutsa ndi maganizo kumusonyeza, koma pamaziko a chochitika ichi adakula Soviet ndipo kenako dongosolo la makono a matupi lamulo.

Kufufuza mbiri yakale

Pakati pa asayansi Russian ndi akatswiri kuti asa- udindo mbiri ya Supreme Administrative Commission pa nkhani ya njira chi ndale. Makamaka, palibe lomwe mphamvu mfumu ndi osankhika akulamulira Russia lero mpata zolakwa wamba. Mwachitsanzo, zikamera wa zigawenga mukukhulupirira Gululi amanena, ndi lero, ndipo izo zinali chifukwa mwankhanza wa elites, kusowa awo amafunitsitsa kugwira kukonza zonse zofunikira ndiponso mwa bata. Ngati mukufuna chinachake ndi kutsutsa uchigawenga, akatswiri amanena, ankalimbikitsa ayenera kuchita pa chinthu maganizo mu kusintha mfundo za chitukuko zachuma, omwe sadzakhala anthu, kutsutsidwa ndi maselo zoukira boma ndi kutha kulimbikitsa anthu kuti ali Mwachitsanzo, khola ndi zapamwamba ntchito.

Zofunika kutsindika azambiriyakale, apamwamba ntchito ya misonkhano yapadera osati "dzidzidzi" mode - pamene zigawenga adamulowetsa ndipo mosalekeza. Kumalo amenewa, akatswiri amakhulupirira, kuphonyetsa boma la tsarist Russia, muziganizira zokwanira ntchito molondola boma matupi la Chitaganya cha Russia.