Tabasaranskiy m'nyumba pamphasa: chithunzi

Monga mukudziwa, mu India kupanga tiyi, magalimoto - mu Germany, ndi zazikulu mulu mapeyala makalapeti, chodabwitsa kukongola kwa ma mtundu zosiyanasiyana - mu Tabasaran. Mu Dagestan, dera kuluka makalapeti akuti ndi ambiri, kuwonjezera, mmodzi wa mitundu amakezana a zaluso ndi zamanja. M'nkhaniyi, timaphunzira kuti amaimira Tabasaran makalipeti m'nyumba, zithunzi zimene pansipa.

Nkhani ya

About makalapeti Dagestani kutchula koyamba angapezeke mu zolemba Herodotus, "The makolo a mbiri." Maziko a Dagestan pamphasa tingachipeze powerenga pa miyambo ya amisiri East. zaka zambiri Azungu anatumiza Maulendo malonda China ndi Perisiya, kubweretsa silika ndi makalapeti kumeneko. Lililonse mfumu kudziletsa kulemekeza kapena achifumu anali kubalalika a kum'mawa makalipeti modabwitsa wokongola. Mwa njira, pamphasa amakezana, kubwera mpaka tsiku lino, izo zinali kupezeka mu 1949 pamene zafukulidwa ndi tsopano m'gulu zosonkhanitsira golide wa wotchuka Hermitage.

tsogolo

Ndi chachilendo kuti kuti makalapeti pachiyambi analengedwa chabe monga item mwanaalirenji. Ngakhale pamphasa mtengo kwambiri Tabasaran poyambirira yopapatiza zinchito.

Mu East wakale, makamaka wongosamukasamuka moyo. Ndipo kuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi nomad? The choyamba - ndi portability kwambiri, wachiwiri - kuwongolera mwamsanga m'nyumba zawo wachitatu - odalirika chitetezo zinthu chokhwima nyengo, mwa kulankhula kwina, kuti unali wouma ndi kutentha. Kwathunthu makalipeti ndizo ndendende akukumana zonse zimene awa, koyenera kuti moyo wabwinobwino wa wongosamukasamuka. Kumene, makalapeti anthu wosiyana kwambiri ndi ife tikuziwona lero. Koma mwanjira imeneyi maziko anaikidwa kuluka makalapeti.

Pakumala anthu anazindikira kuti pamphasa kungakhale kuposa chitetezo monga mphepo, izo ndi njira kuti aime pakati pa abale. Choncho, tinayamba yokhotakhota kudzikondweretsa ndi wokongola makalapeti. Zimenezi zinachititsa pa chakuti kukongola, khalidwe ndi kuchuluka makapeti anali kudziwa mlingo wa chitukuko cha munthu. Komanso, aliyense wolamulira wa East anayesa anazungulira nokha ndi mankhwala kudzikondweretsa mtengo, motero kugogomeza ukulu wawo.

khalidwe

Mwa njira, inu mukudziwa, monga mu Dagestan kalelo kufufuzidwa zonse pamphasa Tabasaran khalidwe? ulamuliro Quality pamaso unachitikira mu masiteji 3. Choyamba, gulu la akavalo anadutsa pamphasa nsalu. Chachiwiri, pambuyo mankhwala unachitikira kwa masiku angapo pa dzuwa. Chachitatu, makalapeti choviikidwa mu madzi ozizira, zomwe zinatsalira kwa nthawi inayake. Ngati, pambuyo "mayesero" makalipeti chikhazikitso awo katundu sanataye, iwo ankakhulupirira kuti mbuye anachita ntchito yabwino. Nawa luso!

Tabasaran vs Persian makalapeti

Kodi n'zotheka kuyerekeza pamphasa onse Tabasaran ndi aku Iran (Persian)? Mungathe kuchita izo. Ngakhale simuyenera angasokoneze kutchuka, talente ndi khalidwe la amisiri aku Iran, zikuchitika mfundo. Mu Persian makalapeti pafupifupi "moyo amayembekezeka" wa zaka 150, pamene makalapeti ku Dagestan "moyo" kwa zaka 400. Pokhapokha, ndithudi, iwo "amagwiritsa ntchito" kuti cholinga chake. Pankhaniyi, onse a kanjedza pamwamba akhoza zimachitika yekha makapeti opangidwa ndi manja.

mitundu

Kumwera kwa Dagestan chinachititsa kuti mofulumira pamphasa 3 zinthu izi: moyandikana la Iran (Persia); kuti malo amenewa anali silika Road; kufalitsa yogwira Islam. Kwa zaka zingapo, ndi Caucasus, malo a malonda ankaona m'tauni ya Derbent, amene anali kunja kwa East ndi West. m'tauni mbali ya njira silika Road. Inde, linapereka kwa chitukuko yogwira handicrafts zosiyanasiyana, makamaka pamphasa. Komanso, amalonda ambiri anazindikira kuti akhoza Derbend kupeza ubweya ulusi wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu (osema m'deralo zachilengedwe utoto kuwapeza zitsamba ndi zitsamba).

Afotokozereni zotsatira za kufala kwa Islam ku North Caucasus. amisiri Persian ndi amalonda ndi ofunitsitsa kuuza zobisika zawo ndi katundu zambiri anagulidwa anthu Muslim. Komanso, pamaso pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa namaz (kupemphera) lino mphindi pa mphasa, akuti "namazlyk".

Iwo akunena izo zonse mu chitukuko yogwira malonda mwa anthu a North Caucasus. Ngakhale zingakhale zachilendo kuti yekha Tabasarans miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya muofesiyo kuluka. Onani kuti luso mtundu wawo. Pa nthawi yomweyo zonse anthu a Daghestan ankachita kuluka makalapeti. Choncho, Lezgins m'midzi nkhuku, Akhty, Kasumkent nsalu makalapeti ndi kupambana kwakukulu. Avar m'mudzi wa Tsada Hunzaha, Gergebil kubala mkulu khalidwe lint-free makalapeti. Pamudzi uyu wa Dargins Levashev opangidwa makalapeti mapeyala. Kukhala midzi Kayakent, Durgeli, Bugle Kumyks kubala unatengera mapeyala makalapeti ndi mphasa felted. Kotero inu mukhoza kutchula pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse, amene padera khama kwambiri mu chitukuko cha luso izi.

makalapeti tufted

Mukhoza kulankhula nthawi yaitali za mitundu yosiyanasiyana makapeti mulu, koma izi n'zomveka pang'ono. Tiyeni tikambirane zizindikiro zawo. Choncho Tabasaran mulu pamphasa mu Baibulo miyambo angapezeke pa zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zojambula oimira nyama, zomera ndi anthu. Choncho, pamaso umelitsy ntchito zithunzi izi zojambula anasonyeza zikuchitika. Asayansi kuitana zodabwitsazi "chinenero pamphasa luso". Mwa njira, pa mankhwala otere nthawi zambiri zinasonyeza miyambo yonse ndi zithunzi nkhondo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chinenero abedwa ndi zithunzi anali ankavala chabe kukongoletsa.

Dziwani kuti makalipeti ndizo zonsezi wamba compositional kapangidwe: malire ndi munda chapakati.

chokongoletsera

Komanso dongosolo chidwi Tabasaranskiy makalapeti, amene muli mitundu zitatu:

1. Background - chitsanzo popanda wina kanjedza aakulu, ndi mafano ang'onoang'ono lembani maziko ambiri.
2. Wokhudza - chokongoletsera mwa iwo amabwera pansi kuti akudzizindikiritsa kanjedza waukulu wa pamphasa, wotchedwa "medallion".
3. Kaimova - chitsanzo lakonzedwa mu njira monga kukopa chidwi cha munthu pa "malire" wa mankhwala. Mtundu wa ornamentation amatchedwanso "Kaimova".

Poganizira Tabasaran pamphasa, osanenapo mtundu, kenako anadza amisiri. Background mulu wa pafupifupi zonsezi ankaona chitumbuwa yofiira kapena buluu, amene ayenera chiphunzitso kwambiri yomangika tione. Koma mtundu mogwirizana zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito zidutswa sing'anga ndi yaing'ono ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

mulu makalapeti

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo Lezgin amazipanga kukongola ndi Chiazebajani sumac. Mbali yaikulu - lalikulu kunyumba ntchito. Iwo kwenikweni ntchito chophimba pansi (makalapeti tufted Mwachitsanzo, ntchito kukayankha makoma). Iwo nthawi zambiri zophweka makalapeti. Komanso, iwo ali lililonse limatisokoneza kwambiri chifukwa pa ulimi wawo ntchito yapadera kuluka njira kusiya pansi ulusi pamphasa ubweya kwa masentimita 15 (ndi zina zofewa ndipo amachita).

Lint-free Tabasaran muofesiyo (onani chithunzi m'nkhani) - izo ndi "davaginy". zizindikiro zawo liwulo n'chakuti ndi 2 amaganiza, ndi kukhala mdima buluu kapena buluu maziko omwe chitsanzo ( "rukzal"). makalipeti izi nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa Avars. Chitsanzo chachikulu wapangidwa zosiyanasiyana "medallion" ndi zokhudzana, izi "medallion" nthambi.

M'pofunikanso kuti ndikuuzeni za makalapeti ngati lint-free Dagestani monga makapeti. Iwo anali opangidwa ndi thonje ubweya ndi hemp. Palacio okongola ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana, monga zojambula Tabasaranskiy makalapeti mulibe, koma iwo ali amazipanga zothandiza, ndi zambiri zimagwirira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Lililonse makalapeti mtundu adzaitana pa njira zake: ndi Azerbaijanis ndi "Palaz", "Barchan" mu Tabasarans, "ruh" mu Lezghins "Turuta" kuchokera Avars ndi ena.

anamva makalapeti

Dziwani kuti makalapeti izi sizachilendo kwambiri Dagestan anthu kumpoto - Nogai, Avars, Kumyk, Dargin. Ambiri anamva makalapeti - arbabashy. Iwo anapanga mwake ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Iwo superimposed pa wina ndi mzake, motero kulenga chitsanzo.