Tanthauzo la zomera mu chirengedwe. Udindo wa zomera m'chilengedwe

zamoyo zonse padziko lapansili lagawidwa ma ndipo sanali ma, yotsirizira zikuphatikizapo mavairasi yekha. Woyamba ogaŵikana eukaryotes (maselo kuti ndi phata) ndi prokaryotes (alibe mutu, DNA alibe chitetezo zina). Dama mabakiteriya. A eukaryotes anawagawa chidwi maufumu: nyama, bowa ndi zomera. Tanthauzo la zomera mu chikhalidwe ndi zofunika kwambiri. Nthambi, amene amaphunzira zinthu izi amatchedwa zomera. Izi ndi gawo la sayansi monga zamoyo. Phindu la zomera mu moyo wathu tidzakhala m'nkhani ino.

Kodi amasiyana zina zamoyo?

Choyamba, kodi kusiyana pakati pa malo a chikhalidwe zomera ena onse. Choyamba, tisaiwale kuti ali autotrophs, mwachitsanzo okha zokolola okha organic kanthu. chomera maselo komanso ena kusiyana ndi maselo nyama. Makamaka tisaiwale kuti ndi olimba khoma selo wapangidwa ndi mapadi. Nyama, maselo a plasma Kakhungu ndi yofewa glycocalyx, wopangidwa mwa chakudya. Chifukwa chakuti mwa khoma lolimba kwa khungu la maselo simungathe linanena bungwe kwambiri zinthu zosafunika pali vacuoles, kumene iwo kudziunjikira ndipo. Young selo organelles deta zambiri, ndi ang'ono. Patapita nthawi, iwo kuphatikiza mu lina lalikulu m'chigawo chapakati vacuole. Iwonso organelles lapadera kwa kaphatikizidwe zosakaniza organic - chloroplasts izi. Komanso, pali mitundu iwiri ya plastids - chromoplasts ndi leucoplasts. Akale ali inki wapadera, amene angathe Mwachitsanzo, kukopa mungu maluwa. Mu leucoplasts komanso kuwonjezera zina zakudya mu malo oyamba ndi wowuma ndi.

Tanthauzo la zomera mu chikhalidwe

Waukulu ntchito ya izi zamoyo nawo autotrophs. Udindo wa zomera mu chikhalidwe sangathe anakokomeza, monga amatipatsa chinthu popanda chimene ife sitingakhale kulibe. Palibe zodabwitsa iwo amatchedwa mapapo lathuli. Udindo wa zomera mu chikhalidwe chikugwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya dzuwa imene zamoyo izi nokha zakudya. Zimenezi ndi maziko a moyo zonse padziko lapansi. Komanso amalima mtengo mu chikhalidwe chake amakhala limatiphunzitsa organic nkhani za nyama, thupi lenilenilo omwe sangathe kupanga iwo, ndi kugwirizana waukulu mu unyolo chakudya. Choncho, herbivores kudya zinthu izi, carnivores kudya herbivores, ndi zina zotero. D.

dzuwa ndi chiyani?

Zimenezi ndi mankhwala anachita zimene zipangizo anapanga kwa zochita kupanga organic. Bzalani kukhazikitsa ake amafuna madzi ndi carbon dioxide, komanso dzuwa mphamvu. Chifukwa, thupi afika shuga, chimene chili chofunika kwa moyo mwa iye, komanso mpweya monga byproduct, amene anamasulidwa kunja. Ndi kuyamika zomera, ndi tingathe kukhala pa dziko lathuli, ngati si kwa iwo, pakanakhala palibe mpweya wokwanira kuti kuli nyama. Nthawi imeneyo ya mbiri isanayambe, pamene moyo pa dziko anali tangoyamba kutuluka, mlingo mpweya mu mlengalenga anali atachoka amatchulidwa amene peresenti awiri. Tsopano, chifukwa cha ntchito ya zomera zaka mabilioni, mpweya peresenti makumi awiri ndi chimodzi imakhala mpweya yofunika nyama. Ilo liri mu chikhalidwe cha zinachitikira zomera walola maufumu onse a zamoyo (kupatula mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya, komwe kunachitika kale kwambiri).

Kodi ndondomeko ya dzuwa?

Popeza ife tikudziwa kale kuti phindu la zomera mu chikhalidwe, ndiye yang'anani pa izo mwatsatanetsatane.

ndondomeko izi zikuchitika mu masamba, ndipo mu magawo wobiriwira. Iwo nawo pigment wotchedwa chlorophyll, amene amapereka zomera ndi coloration amenewa, komanso michere - catalysts zachilengedwe kulola mankhwala anachita ndi zambiri mofulumira ndipo popanda kutentha. Pa photosynthesis, chloroplasts ndi organelles udindo amene ali maselo masamba ndi zochepa - zimayambira.

Kapangidwe ka chloroplast ndi

organoid uyu akunena za anthu amene ali Kakhungu wina. Chloroplasts awo omwe ribosomes ofunika mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe. Komanso, mu masanjidwewo ya zimatengedwa organelle zozungulira DNA, imene analemba nkhani pa mapuloteni izi. Komanso pangakhale wowuma ndi lipids. The Gawo la chloroplast ndi angatchedwe wobiriwira, zomwe zigwirizana thylakoids, zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo. Ilo liri mu thylakoids ndi cholinga ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. Lili wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi michere zonse zofunikira.

The mankhwala anachita photosynthesis

Iwo akhoza kulembedwa mu aone kuti pali izi: 6SO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2. Ndiko kuti, ngati chomera adzalandira timadontho-timadontho asanu mpweya woipa komanso madzi, angachitire Mole mmodzi wa shuga ndi timadontho-timadontho sikisi mpweya amene adzauke mu mlengalenga.

The zosiyanasiyana zomera m'chilengedwe

zomera zonse zikhoza kugawidwa mu zokhala ndi selo imodzi ndi multicellular. Zoyambazo monga ndere monga chlamydomonas, euglena ndi ena. Multicellular Zikatero, anawagawa apamwamba m'munsi. Dama algae. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo alibe matupi, thupi lawo ukufanizidwa ndi Thallus olimba, amene maselo undifferentiated. Ndere akhoza kugawidwa mu wobiriwira, buluu wobiriwira, wofiira ndi zofiirira. Iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani, kudya nyama ndi anthu.

zomera apamwamba ndi zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Choyamba, magulu akuluakulu awiri akhoza kuwasiyanitsa - spore ndi mbewu. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo Mumapezekanso, horsetails, kalabu ndere ndi ndere. The moyo mkombero wa iwo onse wapangidwa ndi awiri osiyana mibadwo: ndi sporophyte ndi gametophyte. zomera mbewu anawagawa gymnosperms (zikuphatikizapo conifers, Ginkgo ndi sagovnikovye) ndi angiosperms, kapena zomera maluwa.

Mbadwo Wotsirizira angathe kugawidwa mmagawo awiri: monocots ndi dicots. Iwo amasiyana cotyledons chiwerengero (monga dzina lake likunenera, pangakhale awiri kapena m'modzi). Iwo ali nako kusiyana dongosolo, pa gawo lakunja za maganizo, mukhoza kudziwa kalasi imene chomera anapatsidwa. Mu monocots fibrous mizu, ndipo mu dicotyledons - ndodo. Choyamba ndi kufanana kapena arcuate venation pepala, ndipo chachiwiri - ndi pinnate reticulate. Zoyambazo monga banja monga dzinthu, Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae (s subfamily anyezi), etc. Mwa dicotyledonous akhoza kusiyanitsa ngati .. Mabanja: Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Cruciferae (Brassica), Magnolia kalasi, otuwira, mumamera ndi ena ambiri. angiosperms onse angathe pachimake, kotero, kuwonjezera ntchito zake pachimake, deta zomera ndi kuchita zokongoletsa zambiri.

Pomaliza

Atatha kuwerenga m'nkhani ino, Ndizachidziwikire kuti zomera kusewera yofunika mu chikhalidwe, sangaonekerenso popanda moyo Padziko Lapansi ndi ife. Choncho n'kofunika kwambiri kuti nkhondo kuteteza nkhalango mkulu amasankha kuti yeretsani mpweya wathu ndi kutipatsa ife koyenera kuti kuli oxygen. Komanso, zomera ndi maziko a forage nyama, ndipo ngati kutha, ndiye gulu la zamoyo ndi chabe poti kutenga nkhani organic.