Nyumba yachifumu: Ndemanga yachidule

Nyumba yachifumuyi ndi woimira gulu lapadera la anthu akumidzi ku Russia. Izi zakhazikitsidwa pozungulira zaka za XV zokhudzana ndi mapangidwe a Khoti Lalikulu la Duke ndi zida za boma. Gululi liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndi limodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri za centralization ya boma ndi mphamvu yapamwamba.

Zofunikira zoyenera kupanga magulu

Anthu okhala m'nyumba yachifumu anali a mfumu, kenako banja lachifumu. Iye anali mwiniwake wa nyumba yoyang'anira. Mwamuna wina anagwiritsidwa pansi. Ankachita ntchito pofuna kuthandiza mamembala a nyumbayi. Kalasiyi inauka pokhudzana ndi kukula kwa chuma cha kalonga wamkulu ku Russia.

Poyamba, dziko lolamulira linali laling'ono mu umwini wake. Komabe, monga kupambana kwa mgwirizano mu maiko a Russia, gawo la wolamulira wamkulu linayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono. Wachimwene wa nyumba yachifumuyo anali kutumikira zofunika zowonjezera za nyumba yayikuru, yomwe inadza chifukwa cha kulimbitsa kampani ya Grand Prince m'dziko lathu.

Vuto la kuwoneka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi yankho la funso lotchedwa wakuda, kapena volost, alimi. Gulu lomaliza la anthu akumidzi silinali lokha, koma linagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma. Ndalama zonse ndi misonkho zinkapita ku malo osungiramo chuma. Kuchokera m'gululi munapanga gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi boma, lomwe liyenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi omwe anali a kalonga kapena mfumu.

Milandu

Ku Russia, mwachizoloŵezi, magulu angapo a anthu akumidzi anali otchuka: serfs eni nyumba, anthu a boma ndi antchito a mamembala olamulirawo. Oimira onsewa anali odzidalira okha. Iwo ankagwira ntchito zina kuti azisamalira mwiniwakeyo. Komabe, pamaso pa zofanana izi, iwo amasiyana ndi mlingo wa ufulu wawo, chuma choyendetsa ndi kudalira.

Nyumba yachifumu panyumbayi inali mu malo abwino koposa, mwachitsanzo, mwini nyumba, serf. Iye anali ndi ufulu waukulu, anali wotanganidwa. Pakati pa kalasiyi panali ngakhale anthu amene adalowa mwa anthu chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe adapeza. Ambiri a iwo anakhala amalonda, anayamba masitolo, malo odyera. M'mawu ake, vuto lawo linali lochepa kwambiri.

Ntchito

Anthu okhala ndi nyumba yachifumu amakhalamo ndipo amapereka malo onse oyenera kwa akalonga, mafumu, mafumu. Ankaonedwa ngati malo awo enieni. Komabe, ntchito zawo zinali zochepa kuzinthu zachilengedwe komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito zingapo zokhuza zosowa za nyumba yachifumu. Mwachitsanzo, iwo ayenera kupereka zopereka zawo, zipangizo zomanga, ndi zina zotero.

Pamwamba pao panalibe ulamuliro woterewu, monga, mwachitsanzo, kwa anthu osauka m'madera aumwini ndi maboma a akuluakulu. Iwo anali ndi chidwi chogwiritsira ntchito bwino kwambiri anthu okhometsa msonkho, chifukwa ichi chinali chokhacho chokhalirapo. Mosiyana ndi serfs omwe ali payekha, anthu omwe ali m'gululi amakhala ndi ufulu. Izi zinalembedwa ndi zofuna zoyambirira za akalonga a Moscow.

Zida

Chimodzi mwa magulu akuluakulu a anthu ogonjera anali anthu osauka. Tsatanetsatane wa lingaliro limeneli liyenera kufotokozedwa makamaka kupyolera muzosiyana siyana zomwe zikufotokozera gululi. Chimodzi mwa zinthu izi chinali khalidwe lachibadwa la maudindo. Chakudya chodyera chimenechi chinalowetsedwa ndi ndalama kokha m'zaka za m'ma 1800.

Chizindikiro chachiwiri chimene chimasiyanitsa chingwechi ndi kudzipatula kwa oimira ena onse . Iwo ankakhala kumadera omwe ankakhala m'dera lalikulu la dzikoli. Komabe, madera amene abusa a nyumba yachifumu anakakhazikitsanso pang'onopang'ono anakula. Chizoloŵezi chimenechi chinawonetseratu momveka bwino m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, pamene ndalama zopezera zofunikira za khoti zinakula kwambiri pokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa autocracy ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Yankho la funsoli, omwe anali a anthu achifumu, sikuti nthawi zonse sali lodziwika bwino. Pambuyo pake, iwo akhoza kukhala malo a banja lonse lachifumu. Izi ndizo, mamembala onse a nyumba yolamulira. Iwo nthawi zambiri amapatsa anthu malo awo monga ma proxies ndi okondedwa.