The phunziro la General Biology ndi ya zomwe chimayambitsa chodabwitsa cha moyo

Natural ndi limodzi mwa maphunziro oyamba a m'madera zikuluzikulu sayansi, komanso chinthu chofunika chitukuko cha chitukuko chathu osati. The phunziro la General Biology ndi ya zomwe chimayambitsa chodabwitsa cha moyo. Chief pakati pawo ndi kubalana ndi ontogenesis, chibadwa ndi kusintha, kupanga mbiri ya zomera ndi nyama zamoyo ndi kusankha zamoyo. M'nkhaniyi tiona zambiri za iwo.

Udindo wa nzika zachilengedwe mbiri mu chitukuko cha anthu

Ntchito sayansi kwachilengedwenso zikugwira kuphunzira ntchito zochitika pamwamba zachilengedwe, ntchito zotsatira za chitukuko cha mafakitale masiku ano a zamoyo ambiri - selo ndi kukonza majini, umisiri ndi chibadwa anthu. Kukula mofulumira luso mafakitale ndi njira ya kudalirana mu zachuma ndi kukakamiza asayansi kuchita kafukufuku kwambiri pa nkhani ya chitetezo chilengedwe zinthu zachilengedwe.

Monga sayansi chilengedwe, ambiri zamoyo maphunziro kapangidwe zovuta kwambiri gulu la moyo: chiwerengero-mitundu, komanso magulu a kachitidwe zachilengedwe ndi biosphere.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha chidziwitso kwachilengedwenso

The sayansi kuti amaphunzira chikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ake onse, anabadwa mu kuya kwa nzeru za anthu ndi thandizo la nzeru ena a Greece ndi Rome, koma anadziwika monga zamoyo kokha m'zaka za m'ma XIX, mwa ntchito za J. Lamarck ndi G. Treviranus. Mmodzi wa wamkulu wa khalidwe lake ankaona taxonomy zochokera C. Linnaeus, ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, wochokera mu Mfundo ya Hippocrates, Galen ndi Aesculapius.

Chinthu kuphunzira zamoyo ambiri kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa zamoyo pa maselo poyamba, ndiyeno - pa mlingo ma. Zikamera wa chiphunzitso sayansi, anayamba ndi Russian zamoyo zinachita kusintha PF Goryaninovym ndi asayansi German M. Schleiden ndi T. Schwann anatsimikizira kuti mtundu zikuluzikulu m'moyo Padziko Lapansi - ndi selo. R. Virchow akufuna mfundo ya "moyo - ku moyo" lothetsa zokambirana zokhuza kuthekera m'badwo mowiriza wa zamoyo asayansi ku zimakhalamo.

Cytology mwa njira monga centrifugation, elekitironi wamamamayikirosikopu, tracer njira, Maphunziro kapangidwe ka prokaryotes ndi maselo nucleated ndipo ndi maziko a chitukuko cha nkhani yeniyeni ya sayansi chachilengedwe: histology zinthuzo, kuswana.

mfundo kagayidwe kachakudya mu zamoyo

General zamoyo maphunziro osati mipweya ndi kapangidwe ka zamoyo, komanso njira kuti chimayambitsa maziko a kagayidwe awo. Sayansi kukhazikitsa regularities mosiyanasiyana anabolic, monga dzuwa zomera. Komanso amasanthula mapuloteni biosynthesis (galamafoniyo ndi njira yomasulira), amasankha zinthu zofunika zochita dissimilation kupereka zofunika maselo mphamvu malo monga mamolekyulu wa NADPH ndi ATP.

Popeza chinthu kuphunzira zamoyo ambiri mlingo maselo a moyo, anaganizira zimene catabolism. M'mikhalidwe aerobic, selo nyama synthesizes timadontho-timadontho 36 ATP lililonse molekyulu shuga mu zochita za Krebs mkombero.

Zomera ndi bowa mu zochita za kagayidwe mphamvu mu zikhalidwe anaerobic komanso kumamatira C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ ethyl mowa, ndipo analola - ku zidulo lactic. Koma nthawi zonse, apanga mamolekyulu mphamvu kanthu - adenosine triphosphate.

Monga mukuonera, pa phunziro la General Biology ndi limagwirira a kagayidwe. Oimira zinyama ndi anatentha ndi nawo michere ya ofanana m'njira amuzolengedwa. Izi chikusonyeza kugwirizana kwa moyo unayambira ku mitundu makolo selo. Mwatsatanetsatane okwanira nkhani zili mbali imeneyi ya sayansi zachilengedwe monga zamoyo zinachita kusintha.

Chikhazikitso cha zamoyo ambiri

Dzina limeneli lili ndi chilengedwe sukulu chilango koyamba maphunziro, kuyambira kalasi 9. Zikomo mfundo za sayansi ndi didactic wa kupitiriza, ophunzira akusekondale kuphunzira za zinyama, kujambula pa chidziwitso cha njira ya zomera, zinyama, thunthu. Kupanga chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha mtundu wa ana - waukulu ntchito yophunzitsa.

Ndizosowa cytology, ontogeny, dongosolo la cholowa - ndicho kuphunzira zamoyo ambiri. Nkhani komanso zoyenera chitukuko mbiri ya dziko organic ndizosowa zachilengedwe, kuyambitsa yojambula lalikulu m'mitima mwa ophunzira ndipo amathandiza kuti kutukula umunthu wawo.