The Sistine Chapel ndi ... The Sistine Chapel ku Vatican

Gululi ndi mpingo waung'ono, womwe umapangidwira anthu a m'banja lomwelo, okhala mumzinda umodzi kapena nyumba yachifumu. Mu Chirasha, mawu akuti "chapel" nthawi zina amamasuliridwa kuti "chapel", koma izi siziri zoona. Palibe guwa la nsembe m'mapemphero, malamulo ena a tchalitchi sangathe kuchitidwa kumeneko. Pamene chapemphelo ndi mpingo wamphumphu wokhala ndi zida zonse. Sistine Chapel ku Vatican ndikumangiriza kotchuka kwambiri.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Sistine Chapel inamangidwa mu 1475-1483 pa malamulo a Papa Sixtus IV, amene dzina lake amamvalabe. Pontiyo uyu anali wovuta. Chifukwa cha ulamuliro wake, uphungu ndi ziphuphu zinakula, ndi momwe Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo linakhazikitsirako, ndipo kutentha kwapadera kwa anthu opanduka kunkachitika .

Komabe, iye anali wotchuka chifukwa cha kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha sayansi ndi luso. Anasamutsa nyumba ya papa ku Mzinda wa Vatican ndipo anachita zambiri zobwezeretsa ndi kukonzanso Roma. Payekha, laibulale ndi nyumba yoyamba yosungiramo zinthu zapadziko lonse inatsegulidwa, ndipo Sistine Chapel inamangidwa kuti ikhale ndi miyambo yofunika kwambiri ya Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Kumalo ano, ndipo tsopano gulu la atsogoleri achipembedzo lidzasankhidwa kuti lisankhidwe ndi Papa.

Kulinganiza njira

M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri, mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi zipembedzo sizinalekanitsidwe, zida zankhondo zinali kuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi. Ndipo anthu amtundu wamba, oponderezedwa kwambiri ndi misonkho yapamwamba, nthawi zina ankafuna kufotokoza momveka bwino mkwiyo wawo. Pachifukwa ichi, Papa ankafuna kukhala ndi pogona yapadera ku Vatican, kumene akanakhoza kubisala ndi khoti lawo mu nthawi zovuta ndi zovuta.

Pothawirapo potsatira chifuniro cha Sixtus IV anali Sistine Chapel. Nyumba iyi yochokera kunja iyenera kukhala ndi mpanda wolimba, ndipo mkatimo kukongoletsera kutsindika ukulu ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa papa.

Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa, katswiri wina wamakono wochokera ku Florence Giovanni de Dolci anaitanidwa. Anamanga nyumba, yofanana ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo amayang'anira ntchito ya zojambula zamkati.

Sistine Chapel ndi nyumba yaing'ono (malo ake ndi 520 mamita), timakono ting'onoting'ono, ndi denga lokwera kwambiri (kutalika kwa mamita 21). Kufanana kwake, malingana ndi ndondomeko ya Sixtus IV, amafanana ndi kachisi wa Solomo wokongola, kachisi woyamba wa Yerusalemu.

Kukongoletsa mkati

Mu 1480, Sixtus IV adaitana ojambula otchuka kwambiri panthawiyi kupanga zojambula. Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Girlondayo, Luca Signorelli, Pietro Perugino ndi Pinturicio achinyamata adayamba nawo ntchitoyi.

Zinatengera ojambula zaka ziwiri kuti apange makoma a chapelino. Mbali yapakati imakhala ndi zithunzi zojambula kuchokera ku moyo wa Mose ndi Yesu Khristu. Pamwamba, pamwamba pa mawindo, panali zithunzi za apapa oyambirira, kuchokera ku St. Peter kupita ku Marcellus I. Mzere wamtunduwu unali wochepa kwambiri kuti utumize regalia wa pontiff.

Pamwamba pa guwa panali fresco ya ntchito ya Perugino "Kukwera kwa Namwali Mariya." Denga linali lokongoletsedwa ndi thambo lokhala ndi nyenyezi. Zinthu izi zimadziwika kwa ife mwafotokozera, kuyambira zaka makumi angapo kutsegulidwa kwa chapelino, iwo adalowetsedwa ndi mafano a Michelangelo.

Chimake cha Sistine Chapel cha Michelangelo

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1600 kudumpha kunaonekera pazenera za Sistine Chapel, kudutsa kutalika kwake konse. Papa Julius Wachiŵiri analamula kuti aphimbepo ndipo adalamula Michelangelo, yemwe ankagwira ntchito panthawi yomweyo pamwamba pa ziboliboli za manda a mtsogolo, kuti aphimbe padenga.

Michelagelo Buonarroti, wobadwa m'chaka cha Sistine Chapel (1475), mu 1508 anali kale wojambula wotchuka kwambiri. Koma kujambula kwakukulu kunali kwa iye bizinesi yosadziwika. Iye anayesa njira zonse zothetsera ntchitoyi, koma Julius Wachiwiri adatha kuumirira yekha. Kotero, Sistine Chapel yotchuka idalandira mawonekedwe ake. Kufotokozera, mbiri ya kupanga zofiira ndizofukufuku wa mibadwo yambiri ya akatswiri a mbiri yakale.

Chigawo chapakati cha chivundikirochi chikugwiridwa ndi nkhani 9 zofanana za Chipangano Chakale, pakati pawo "Chigumula", "Kugwa", zithunzi za kulengedwa kwa anthu oyambirira (Adamu ndi Eva) ndi ena. Pafupi ndi ma frescoes, wolembayo anajambula aneneri ndi Sibyl, ndipo pambali pa chingwecho, omwe anali otsogolera a Yesu Khristu. Zonsezi, zilembo zoposa 300 zidawonetsedwa, zomwe lero zikugonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zawo ndi kukongola kwa thupi.

Ochita kafukufuku sangathe kufika kumasulidwe osamveka a mafano awa. Ena amaona kutanthauzira kwapadera kwa Baibulo mwa iwo, ena amawamasulira atsopano a a Dantean "Comedy Divine," pamene ena amakhulupirira kuti Michelangelo anapereka magawo a kukwera kwa munthu kuchokera ku uchimo wakale kupita ku siteji ya Titanism ndi ungwiro waumulungu.

Fresco "Chiweruzo Chotsatira"

Patapita zaka 22, Michelangelo adayitanidwa kuti agwire ntchito yopanga Sistine Chapel. Mu 1534, Papa Clement VII adamuuza kuti apange khoma pamwamba pa guwa la nsembe. Chotsatira chake, fresco "The Last Judgment" inalengedwa, omwe otsutsa amachitcha chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri m'mbiri ya zojambula za dziko.

Panthawiyi wojambula amasonyeza munthu wofooka komanso wopanda thandizo panthawi ya tsoka lomwe liri pafupi. Kuchokera ku chikhulupiliro chakale mu ulemelero ndi kukongola kwa anthu mulibe tsatanetsatane. Pa zochitika za "Chiweruzo chotsiriza" palibe chikhalidwe chimodzi chokha-chotsimikizirika kapena chikoka.

Yesu mwini yekha ali pakati. Koma nkhope yake ndi yovuta komanso yosasinthika. Manja ake akudandaula ndi manja odzudzula. Maonekedwe a atumwi omwe adayandikira Khristu kumbali zonse adadzaza ndi mkwiyo. Mu manja awo, iwo ali ndi zida zozunza, zomwe sizikumveka bwino kwa ochimwa omwe athawa pamaso pawo.

Zojambula Zakale ndi ntchito zobwezeretsa

Sistine Chapel - ichi ndi chophimba chachikulu cha kujambula kwakukulu kwa Chikunja. Koma kenako kusintha ndi zojambula ndizofunikira zolemba zambiri.

Zochitika za "Chiweruzo chotsiriza" zomwe zinali ndi maliseche ambiri kuyambira pachiyambi zinali zovomerezedwa ndi abusa. Zidadziwika kuti Papa Paulo Wachinayi adalamula wophunzira wa Michelagelo - de Volterra kuti apeze malo apamtima a ziwerengero zojambula ndi zojambula, ndipo Clement VIII adalamula kuwonongedwa kwazithunzi zonse. Zinali zotheka kumusunga yekha yekha chifukwa cha kupempherera kwa ojambula. Kuyesera kubvala zovala kunapangidwanso m'zaka za XVII-XVIII.

Chotsatira chake, pamene gulu la akatswiri linayamba ntchito yobwezeretsa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri , iwo adakumana ndi vuto lalikulu - mtundu wa pepala uyenera kubwezeretsedwa. Zinasankhidwa kuchoka pazithunzi zojambula ndi Voltaire kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1600, ndi kuchotsa zotsalirazo.

Atatha kuyeretsa fresco ku soti ndi fumbi, iwo anawunikiranso mitundu yowala. Izi zinapangitsa kuti ziwoneke mu mawonekedwe omwe adalembedwera ndi ambuye akulu a zakuthambo.

Poyankha funsoli, ndiyenera kutchulidwa kuti mawuwa sagwiritsidwanso ntchito ponena za chipembedzo. Chapulo ndi malo mu tchalitchi chachikulu komwe kuli oimba, nyimbo kapena nyimbo zoimbira nyimbo nyimbo zauzimu, kapena bungwe loimba nyimbo, monga Academic Chapel (St. Petersburg, Moika, ndi 20).