The Swiss chuma: maziko, kapangidwe ndi mbali

The Swiss chuma - mmodzi wa khola kwambiri mu dziko. Dziko - chitsanzo cha mmene khama, ntchito ndi njira woyenera kuti pomanga zitsanzo za chuma asapita anatembenuka ndi dziko laling'ono lomwe likulu la zolowa likulu. Kuwonjezera pa dongosolo anayamba banki, Switzerland ndi mtsogoleri opangira ndi ntchito zokopa alendo, omwe amadza zabwino pa udindo wake m'dera dziko.

Kuyambira backwardness bwino

Kwa nthawi yaitali chuma Swiss lagged utsalira m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya. Yaitali motero agrarian-wa umutu nthawi anakoka boma pansi, kutchinga njira ya chitukuko. Masitepe oyamba bwino tapangidwa mu zaka XVI-XVII m'madera phiri kumene kukula anayamba ntchito zamalonda ndi mafakitale. fakitale ina iliyonse kwa kupanga thonje ndi silika nsalu maola. M'zaka za m'ma XIX kukhala zokopa alendo, masewera atsopano anakhazikitsidwa - kukwera, amene wapeza kuzindikira lonse.

Ngakhale kuti zinthu osauka ulimi ndi chuma kumidzi, Switzerland wakhala lolunjika pa kupanga mkaka. Mpatuko mafakitale watsopano, dziko chawonjezeka zogulitsa kunja. Pa nthawi yomweyo osauka njanji. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX zachokera Bank National. Switzerland anakhala waukulu boma amagulitsa likulu.

nthawi stagnation

Madzulo a Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ndi m'litali ndi kudutsa zovuta ndi chuma Switzerland ndi "ananyamuka" a dziko. Utachepa kupanga mabuku. Koma pambuyo 1945 vuto linayamba kusintha. Zogulitsa kunja chinawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi theka. Kukwera kwa chuma mu malo oyamba zinachititsa kuti ankafuna kwambiri zipangizo mafakitale unawonongedwa mayiko ndi kupanda mpikisano. Ambiri, zikamera ake mu theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi anali m'goli: kuwuka anagwetsa mavutowo, ndi mosemphanitsa. A ntchito yaikulu kwambiri kutukula ankaimba maganizo andale a boma: kulowerera ndale pa nkhondo dziko ndi mikangano, Switzerland chasanduka boma zapamwamba.

Chinthu chachikulu kukoka pansi Switzerland mu nthawi nkhondoyo, panali kusiyana mkulu mbali ya ulimi ndi malonda chuma dziko. Kamodzi zinthu kumsika ali zambiri kapena zochepa angaimbidwenso kutali, boma anapeza bata ndi kupambana.

Features chitukuko zachuma

Back mu XVI-XVII anatenga kusankha bwino za malangizo a ntchito dzikoli. Switzerland ali gawo, anthu ambiri amene ali zosafunika ulimi; mchere, kupatula chikhalidwe wolemera, palibe. woyang'anira wololera amadziwa kuti muyenera kulenga chinachake awoawo, kapena mofulumira osauka kale anatulukira. Izi ndi zimene zinachitika mu Switzerland. Mkulu amasokoneza zinadziwika kwa onse States, gawo la zogulitsa kunja panauka, ndi chuma - anachuluka. Pezani likulu zokwanira kwa gawo limodzi, dziko zachitika wina. Choncho iwo katswiri malangizo chachikulu cha makampani kuwala ndi makampani mankhwala. Zilibe chabe kutsegula mafakitale watsopano, ndipo pakhala zambiri nkhawa dziko kuti alipo lero.

Mbali yaikulu ya chuma ku Switzerland n'zozikika pa kukhoza mwaluso kugwiritsa ntchito pazipita ubwino wake. Ngakhale malo ake kakang'ono ulimi ndi ranching, ulimi mkaka anayamba kupanga, malo okongola ntchito zachitukuko ntchito zokopa alendo ndi malonda hotelo, mitsinje zakutchire ndi lamapiri mtunda linapereka maziko chitukuko cha hydropower. Luso abuluse pyonsene pya pafupifupi chilichonse - akamanena yaikulu ya chuma Swiss, omwe anatembenuka ku dziko m'mbuyo European mu mzere kutsogolo.

The zinthu ziliri pa boma

Switzerland lero - ndi mtima wa banki ndi ndalama mu Europe. Dziko la zachuma - msika, potengera malonda ndipo makope likulu lina. boma zachitika kuwala, mankhwala ndi chakudya mafakitale luso lopanga. Dziko lonse amadziwa za mkulu khalidwe katundu wolowa ndi kutuluka m'dziko ku Switzerland - kuchokera gastronomy maola ndi zipangizo kupanga.

Features a kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma ku Switzerland, ngakhale chiwerengero kusiyana kwake zina ku Ulaya, n'zosavuta kuti muzindikire boma pafupifupi sikusokoneza ntchito ya mabizinezi, msika wokonda ogula, pali njira zingapo za umwini. Kukula wochitachita wa dziko akutsimikiza kokha zomwe zinayenda njira lamanja la kumanga asapita zachuma. Ndipo zinthu mofanana bwino onse domestically ndipo timakhala kunja.

Zinthu za chuma Switzerland masiku ano? Izi makamaka mabanki, amene alipo ambiri. Polingalira za nthambi iliyonse anthu 1,500 chifukwa cha bungwe lina. Kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka ndi khalidwe la ntchito yapamwamba. depositors zimenezi ikudziwika ndi kuphunzira lachitatu maphwando ndi zosatheka. The inflow likulu yachilendo kulimbikitsa udindo chuma dziko ndi umapindulitsa kwambiri.

M'makalata Kapangidwe ka chuma Swiss

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mayiko ambiri otukuka ndi miyezo yapamwamba amoyo ndipo pafupifupi palibe ulova. Zikomo kulowerera ndale mfundo zake dziko ndi pafupifupi palibe imfa anakumana World nkhondo II. Lero, Switzerland chikukula likuvutika anayamba kumabungwe a chuma, zochokera m'zaka lomaliza. Zikuphatikizapo:

• zida, maola;
• kuwala makampani ndi mankhwala makampani;
• zaulimi;
• ntchito za mabanki;
• zokopa alendo.

Poyerekeza ndi maiko ena olemera, chiwerengero cha mabungwe transnational ku Switzerland ali wamkulu. ntchito yawo kwambiri umakhudza mmene chuma chikuyendera pa dziko. boma anatchuka chifukwa ngongole zake streamlined ndi chuma, otsika kufufuma ndi ulova.

gawo mafakitale

Maziko Swiss chuma - makampani, chifukwa chitukuko cha m'ma XIX, boma anachuluka. Kuyambira m'zaka 18, dziko anadziwika monga Mlengi wotchi. Kukhala akwaniritsa bwino ntchito imeneyi ndipo kukhazikitsa inatha, iye anayamba kuwala ndi chakudya mafakitale. Nsalu mu ankafuna wamkulu mwa ophatikidzana nawo, koma pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anatsindika anaikidwa pa kampani yopanga zitsulo ndi mankhwala ndi mankhwala mafakitale.

Masiku ano, gawo mafakitale wapangidwa ndi mabizinezi ambiri mafakitale ndi makampani padziko lonse. Ambiri mwa mankhwala yomalizidwa zimagulitsidwa. Switzerland wakhazikitsa wokha ngati amapanga apamwamba ndi cholimba mankhwala. Malangizo chachikulu cha makampani dziko ndi:

• Mawotchi zomangamanga - chopangidwa zida kupanga kusindikiza, kuluka makina, zamagetsi. 40% ya mankhwala a makampani izi zimagulitsidwa.
• Horology - yapadera Switzerland, pafupifupi mankhwala zonse zatha wotumidwa kunja zogulitsa. Iwo zodziwika mdziko lonse ndipo n'chimodzimodzi ndi kutukuka ndi khalidwe.
• Mankhwala makampani - mu mankhwala pafupifupi dziko lililonse mungapeze mankhwala Switzerland.
• Kupanga mankhwala chakudya - anthu ochepa sunamve za tchizi Swiss kapena chokoleti. Apa nkhawa wotchuka "Nestle" anakhazikitsidwa.

Features Swiss chuma ndi kuchepetsedwa waukulu makampani buku kufalikira ndi ulimi. Njira avareji limati wamangidwa makamaka gawo lachiwiri. Apa wina angaone chithunzi zosiyana.

Mugone yachilendo zachuma

Trade okhonda - anakhazikitsa njira ya dziko, kubweretsa phindu lake lalikulu ndi kuzindikira lonse. Chuma Swiss zachokera, makamaka pa mabuku waukulu zogulitsa kunja kwa katundu chopangidwa, mankhwala ndi zakudya. Anthu ndi mabungwe chachikulu ndi US, EU, China, Japan.

The gawo la zogulitsa kunja Swiss pafupifupi theka la GDP ndiko kumene, ndi mbali khalidwe la dziko la chuma. Dziko - WTO ophunzira chinkhoswe mu liberalization wa malonda dziko. Komabe, msika zoweta ku Switzerland amakhalabe chatsekedwa: nthawizina nzika akufika kuyenda kugula kunja.

ulimi

Ngakhale kuti magawo atatu a m'dera la Switzerland ndi zosafunika kwa ulimi, ndi kotala wina wotanganidwa ndi nkhalango, boma sasowa nyama ndi mkaka, ndi tirigu. Ngakhale zakudyazo owonjezera. Komabe, 40% adzakhalabe ndi kuti kunja.

Chuma Swiss walangizidwa ntchito mbali zonse wamphamvu. Ngakhale mu mthunzi pa chitukuko cha zinthu ulimi akwaniritsa bwino pa ulimi wa mkaka ndi ulimi nyama. Swiss tchizi ndi limodzi yotchuka kwambiri ndi zokoma mu dziko. Waukulu ulimi mankhwala - Beets, mbatata ndi tirigu. Agriculture ndi ofala kwambiri mu cantons wa Zurich, Friborg, Aargau, Vaud, Bern, sipangakhalenso anafotokoza ndi malo m'mayiko ambiri.

Mphamvu ndi Zipangizo

Okwera molumikizana ndi mitsinje mofulumira kupereka mphamvu hayidiroliki, umene unali pafupi theka la magetsi onse opangidwa. Kwa nthawi yaitali opareshoni zisanu zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi kumanga ntchito, chiwerengero akadali za 10. Pambuyo ngozi pa Fukushima, boma ndikusinthidwa maganizo ake pa ntchito kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya. strategy wakhala anayamba zimene zimaphatikizapo renunciation wathunthu mphamvu nyukiliya mpaka 2050. Komabe, ena ndale mu 2016 sizilingana okwana kukana zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, T. Kwa. Zina The sizinapezekebe, ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya amapereka pafupifupi theka la kufunika magetsi boma. Iwo ananenanso kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera Switzerland yodalirika ndi cholimba.

Kukula kwa gawo hydropower ndi ntchito yaikulu ya mchere, amene pafupifupi palibe dziko. Mafuta ndi gasi kuti kunja ochokera m'mayiko. Aluntha ntchito zachilengedwe, mu nkhani iyi, dera lamapiri, kuli ndi ubwino pa chuma cha boma. Chifukwa chakuti magwero njira kupanga mphamvu sanapezeke, nkhani ya achire zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya amakhalabe osathetsedwa.

banki

Kapangidwe ka chuma ku Switzerland si kwa kupanga ndi kumabungwe ulimi. Kukopa likulu yachilendo - imodzi mwa njira dziko yaikulu chitukuko. mabanki Swiss amaonedwa kwambiri zingamuthandize ndi odalirika. Only mu dziko lino, Investor akhoza Musadandaule za chitetezo ndi chitetezo cha ndalama. zonse ntchito akutsatiridwa ndi ndalama ntchito m'ndondomeko wapadera. Palibe ali ndi ufulu sakum'dziŵa wosuta wa banki Swiss. mabungwe Intelligence ayenera kupereka mauthenga pokhapokha ngati zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo za kukhumudwa chigawenga.

Resolute chosalowerera ndale za Switzerland kwachititsa ndalama ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale pamene Choyamba ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World atsogoleri a limati membala amakonda "kubisa" ndalama zawo zili mabanki Swiss. Mosadodometsedwa otaya likulu kuli ndi ubwino pa chuma Swiss. ndalama ndi ntchito chitukuko cha mafakitale, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono kapena ngongole m'maboma ena. Zurich ndi dziko msika kwa malonda golide. Chitsanzo Inde mtsogolomo zimadalira ubwino wa pafupifupi dziko lonse.

zoyendera kutonthozana

Wotukuka kwambiri maulalo ndi mbali zina za dziko akhoza kudzitama za Switzerland. Chuma cha dziko, umalimbana zikuluzikulu buku katundu, amafuna njira zabwino zolumikizanazo. Njanji amalondola dziko laling'ono mwa zabwino mu Europe. Pafupifupi onse a iwo inasangalatsa.

Switzerland m'modzi yekha yodutsira waterway kunyanja - mtsinje Rhine m'dera la Basel - Rheinfelden. gawo kutalika makilomita 19. Apa linamangidwa doko mtsinje zokhudza zakayendesedwe ka nchito yopanga katundu ku mayiko ena.

Tourism ndi Bwino

Oposa 70% ya ntchito kwa anthu Switzerland ntchito mu gawo utumiki. Izo zinali apa anabadwa Bwino. Tourism kumabweretsa akadzabweranso wabwino: pachaka maganizo a Alps amakopeka mozungulira anthu teni miliyoni, kusiya dziko yambiri. Dziwani kuti mkulu mlingo wa utumiki ndi chikhalidwe osafikiridwa zithumwa alendo popanda chisoni kulipira zonse.

Chuma Swiss ndi ntchito zake makamaka ndi kuchepetsedwa kuti ndende pamwamba pa mphamvu ya boma. Pafupifupi dziko amene wakwanitsa kubweretsa pamodzi ubwino onse ndi kuwatsogolera ku njira yolondola. Switzerland - chitsanzo cha mmene yopindulitsa mwa zinthu Kupititsa angamange chuma ndi mphamvu zambiri mu dziko.