Trams zamakono Moscow ndi St. Petersburg

Tisanayambe nkhani yathu, ndiroleni ine kukawerenga pang'ono mutu ndi kukumbukira mabuku, ndicho chotsatira cha namatetule Mihaila Afanasevicha Bulgakova. Tayerekezerani mu Alley pa m'mayiwe khololo , nukhale pansi pafupi mabenchi imene kuika anthu atatu akucheza kutifotokozera ... Mu chachilendo mlendo funso kuti Mikhail Berlioz muchita madzulo ano, tcheyamani Massolit ananena kuti adzatenge nawo mbali mu msonkhano.

, этого никак быть не может , — твердо возразил иностранец . "- No motere sangakhale, - ananena mwamphamvu mlendo.
Это почему ? - Kodi n'chifukwa chiyani?
Потому , — ответил иностранец ... — что Аннушка уже купила подсолнечное масло , и не только купила , но даже и разлила . - Chifukwa, - anati mlendo ... - kuti Anna kale anagula mafuta mpendadzuwa, osati anagula, koma ngakhale anatsanulira. что заседание не состоится ». Kotero kuti msonkhano sichichitika. "

Kumene, Berlioz anachita chidwi, koma kumvetsa chimene chiri wowopsa Anna, iye sanathe. Patapita maola angapo, kusiya Woland ndi mnzake, wolemba ndakatulo opanda pokhala pa benchi, Mihail Aleksandrovich anapita kukakumana naye, ngati izo mtsogolo kunapezeka kuti tsogolo anakonzeratu ... Choncho anayamba lonse zingapo zosaneneka anafotokoza mu buku la Sitidzaiwala Bulgakov a.

Today pa amatunga Oyera akhoza kukumana sitima zodabwitsa kuti amanyamula dzina la zovuta kwambiri Annushki unachita amapha. trams amakono romp mwa njanji la Russia ndi dziko, kumene, kumachilambalala "Annushka" liwiro ndi chitonthozo, koma poona zoyendera zachilendo, tidzalemekeza ndi kusamalira izo.

Nthawi zina mwa kupha kamangidwe, chodabwitsa zomangamanga njira, liwiro. Nzika zambiri ntchito mabasi ndi magalimoto, azolowere novelties ndi alendo nthawi zina sanaiwale. Kodi iwo, trams ano? Kodi iwo anazindikira atsogoleri?

Kwa amene sindimakonda chotipinga

Vuto la chotipinga ndi othandizanso osati m'mizinda, komanso midzi akuzigawo yaing'ono. Mu ola liwiro msewu lomwa kuti pakutchulidwa cha kuchulukana mosalephera. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana vutoli wakhala anayesa kuthetsa zosiyanasiyana: kufunafuna njira zina kumanga njanji zina, kuyesera popularize mabasi ndi magalimoto. Mpainiyayo anali basi. Komabe, kunapezeka posachedwapa iye afika chotipinga, osachepera "magalimoto ali." Koma sitima akhoza tichotse mavuto amenewa, chifukwa chochuluka thirakiti limayenda limodzi panjira, osati mwachindunji pa izo. Choncho, sitima akhoza asamavutike zapitazi makilomita ambiri chotipinga, pamene mabasi trolley ndipo anawatenga kupita nawo chomwecho chabe, komanso magalimoto anthu.

Izi wafunsira wamakono ndi chitukuko. M'mayiko ambiri pa dziko yopanga trams ano kupanga Zachikondi yaikulu. Russia ndi mbali ya bwalo la maiko akuyesetsa kukhala kupanga yake mwina kugula magalimoto kunja. Lero, trams ano romp m'mizinda yambiri yaikulu ya la Russia.

Njira ku ungwiro

Pamene yaing'ono ngolo sitima anayamba mothandizidwa ndi ndiyamphamvu, ndi zambiri zotere. Ngakhale nyimbo "High-liwiro sitima" anaika oyamikira nyumba okwera kavalo. Patsogolo wanena ndi galimoto magetsi mbamuikha galeta. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 anafika woyamba trams magetsi. Iwo sanali wapadera liwiro kapena chitonthozo mlingo, ndipo kenako m'malo mwa mayendedwe yabwino - basi. Mu Soviet Union kuti anthu ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti sitima mutu ali wotopa yokha kwathunthu. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, zoyendera imeneyi Tingaone m'matawuni ambiri akuzigawo ndi malo ngakhale dera, koma ngakhale panali obsolescence. Mu West, azungu aona Kubadwa Kwatsopano weniweni wa sitima ya. Mwachitsanzo, mumzinda wa New York pa nthawi imeneyo kale chinayandama masiku yopepuka, amene osasunthika pa njanji ndi pa chingwe anatambasula, ngati Masitima achingwe am'mapiri.

Russia kamodzinso anafotokoza motere kuyenda kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma latsopano. Lero, zofunikira zoyendera kusiyana mofulumira. Mwachitsanzo, mu Volgograd munzere ano yopepuka akudutsa pansi, monga yapansi panthaka. Mu Magnitogorsk, atchukitsa ndi changwiro sitima chikhalidwe. Peter ali maukonde waukulu mu Russia njira ndi zombo chidwi. Ndipo misewu ya likulu umayenda trams bwino kwambiri kuti akhoza kupikisana mutu wa masiku ambiri m'dzikoli.

Vuto la pansi otsika

Mu chitukuko cha makono mayendedwe kapangidwe Mbali vuto lalikulu anakhala nthawi yaitali kuthamanga chifukwa cha zomwe pansi sitima anali ndithu mkulu. Ndi si nkhani otonthoza anthu, monga Zingaoneke koyamba. Pamaso pa masitepe kusokoneza ankafika ndipo tidakocheza liwiro, makamaka akuzengereza ichi chinthu okalamba, anthu ndi katundu, ana, anthu olumala. Izi overloads maukonde wonse.

Kuthana ndi vuto la okonza anayesa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Koma potsiriza vutolo yekha kulola ndemanga yonse ya chipangizo galimotoyo. Part mbali ndi mbali lizikhala denga.

Polish trams "Pesa" - makamaka Russia

A mbali yaikulu ya trams watsopano, amene lerolino misewu Russian, anagula kunja. PESA Polish zomera, ankakhala mu mzinda wa Bydgoszcz, makamaka Russia imalankhula zitsanzo zitatu trams, "Foxtrot", "Krakowiak" ndi "Jazz". Kuwonjezera zitsanzo ochiritsira ndi kanyumba limodzi, Poland akukamba ngakhale yoyenda kuti mukhoza kupita mu mayendedwe onse. Panopa adzakhazikitse ufumuwu mgwirizano Polish wopanga ndi Ural mbewu kumene trams watsopanoyo adzaphulitsa kupangidwa posachedwa.

Russian R1

Pang'onopang'ono patsogolo zokolola zake. Masiku sitima ambiri, amene adzakhala malonda likupezeka mu Russia kwa msika zoweta, anatchula Russia, kapena R1. Iwo ali cabins awiri, otsika-pansi, kopitilira muyeso-amakono futuristic kamangidwe ndi kanyumba omasuka. Panopa, "Uralvagonzavod" wapereka ndi zinachitika chatsopano payipi zoyendera amenewa mu nthawi yochepa.

Mlengi akulonjeza kuti trams siriyo adzakhala osiyana zinachitika kwa wosaposa peresenti ochepa. Lero, akatswiri amanena kuti drawback yekha ndi yaing'ono okonzera mapulogalamu mphamvu - mipando omasuka ndi sofas akhoza malo ogona anthu 28 okha (pansi). Koma mwina kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha mipando ndi Choncho amalemekeza zitsanzo siriyo ku zinachitika pa.

trams Modern likulu

Tram zofikira Moscow monyadira zitsanzo zingapo za galimoto ano, si concede ankakwera mu Europe ndi US. Modern sitima ku Moscow - uyu si potengera anzawo, koma ndi kofunika chifukwa muyeso chotipinga.

Pamodzi ndi sitima Polish m'misewu ya ku likulu umayenda zoyendera wotsikayo kuchokera conveyors "Uralvagonzavod". M'chilimwe oyambirira, Metropolitan Park kudzadza ndi makina angapo latsopano, koma mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka zakonzedwa kupereka 120 trams ano kupanga zoweta.

Municipal Transport ku St. Petersburg

Kumpoto Capital, wolemera mu zakale ndi zipilala mbiri, wotchuka komanso chosaiwalika monga trams lapansi. Peter pa maulendo awo ambiri, ngati kopitilira muyeso-latsopano ndi mpesa. Ena yekha pa maulendo ulendo, iwo adagulung'undisa alendo malo mbiri ya St. Petersburg.

Chinanso chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti sitima masiku ano St. Petersburg akhoza kukumana osati malo komanso mu dela la mzinda. Mwachitsanzo, mu mzinda kum'mwera kumadzulo muli njira nambala 56. Yopangidwa ndi kampani French "Alstom" zoyendera likukwaniritsa zofunikira atsopano akuyang'ana maziko a St. Petersburg malo ngati yoyenda danga.

The trams kwambiri zachilendo mu Russia ndi misewu yambiri padziko pano

Kuwonjezera pa ntchito zoonekeratu kuti m'basimo, trams ndipo nthawi zina zinthu maudindo sizingachitike. Mwachitsanzo, mu Milan, mukhoza kukaona sitima-anthunzi otulutsirako thukuta. Kumene, malo si atakwera kuzungulira mzinda, ndipo anaika kalekale. Mu Netherlands, pali sitima-hotelo, amene ngolo n'kukhala malawi omasuka. Hungary lili dongosolo yaitali mu dziko - m'litali ndi mamita 52.

Munthu tcheru, trams cafe. Mmodzi wa iwo akhala chidwi cha munthu akapita ku Lviv. Chabwino, "Anna", mosiyana kwambiri mwa mabungwe omwe si kusonkhanitsa fumbi chitonthozo cha paki ndipo wakwera pa njira. mkati ndi menyu ake, monga akhoza kuyembekezera, amanena kuti dziko zodabwitsa za mabuku Bulgakov a.