Wazomangamanga Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: ntchito

Kumapeto kwa October 1812 uthenga wa moto zoopsa kunabuka Moscow pambuyo kulowa asilikali Napoleon, iye anabwera Ryazan. lingaliro limene kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za nyumba Moscow anawononga makamaka mumamva kuti munthu likulu la othawa kwawo, chifukwa wamanga Kazakov ali padera talente yake yonse yokongola Pervoprestolnoj nyumba zokongola kalembedwe Agiriki ndi "Russian Gothic".

Ndithu Russian wamanga

Iye anabadwa mu 1738 m'banja adabuluka serfs ndi, analimbikitsidwa ndi chidwi udindo zachipembedzo. Kudzera nyota za bambo wa wamanga Matvei Kazakov mu 1751 anavomereza kuti sukulu ya wotchuka wamanga Dmitriya Vasilevicha Uhtomskogo (1719-1774), amene anamanga kwambiri wa nyumba m'nyengo ya Mfumukazi Elizabeth. Kuwonjezera zazikulu luso sukulu Kazakov anaphunzira luso othandiza m'gulu la zomangamanga, kusankha zipangizo ndi njira zamakono. Inasanduka amadziwika wake khalidwe.

Opepuka zojambula molondola, chikhulupiriro chithunzi kuumbidwa mbali - anali chibadidwe mbuye kuyambira ndili wamng'ono. luso lake likutipatsa iye ankachita pa zitsanzo zabwino za cholowa mapulani a m'mbuyomu, kuphunzira malamulo akale Greek. Kazakov wamanga adakhala othandiza olimbikira cha chidwi tsatanetsatane organic kalembedwe zachikhalidwe.

The zatsopano loyamba

M'chaka cha 1763 moto zoopsa anawononga Tver. Kumanganso mzinda anauza wophunzira Ukhtomskogo Peter Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov - wazomangamanga m'gulu Nikitin mu gulu lake, ntchito pa imodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri - kunyumba ya mutu wa mpingo wa Tver. Catherine yekha anayamikira Wachiwiri anabwezeretsa pa dongosolo latsopano la mzinda, kuyitanira chachiwiri Tver kukongola (pambuyo St. Petersburg) mu Russia.

nyumba bishopu, yemwe anakhala yachifumu, imene kaye Catherine pa Atafika mzinda kumene kumangidwanso, anapanga dzina wotchuka wamanga, ndipo wamanga Kazakov analandira komishoni aumwini anthu olemera ndi ambiri laulemerero Russian. Choncho, kwa PF Naschokina iwo anamanga Manor zazikulu Rye Semyonovskoe pa mtsinje Nara, pa Serpukhov.

Kazakov ndi Bazhenov

Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - lalikulu Russian wamanga, amene anali yemweyo zaka Kazakova. Ndi nthawi ya misonkhano yawo Bazhenov ali kale sukulu ya zomangamanga European pambuyo Academy of Wabwino Tirhana, atakhala zaka zambiri mu France ndi Italy. Iye anachita chitsanzo cha St. Peter ku Rome ndi tambirimbiri. Louvre ku Paris, akuwukha mmwamba akudziwa za ambuye otchuka French classicism: Claude-Nikola Ledu, Jacques-Zhermena Sufflo ndi ena.

Mosiyana Bazhenova Kazakov sindinasiye Russia, kotero kuyesa kuwonjezera kwa zinamuchitikira zopindulitsa ndiponso Bazhenov chiphunzitso cha zomangamanga monga luso mkulu, kutsegula kukongola latsopano m'mavoliyumu osakaniza, zochita kukonzekera, mu kuukonza wa zokongoletsa. Ntchito Mateyu Fedorovich ankakonda Bazhenov, ndipo iye anamuitana kuti mgwirizano pa malamulo odzitukumula analandira kwa Mfumukazi yekha.

"Boma la Russia ulendo"

Ekaterina Velikaya nacho kwa Moscow maganizo zovuta. zopambana kwambiri kusiyana pakati pa St. Petersburg - likulu zazikulu za Europe - ndipo Mpandowachifumu Choyamba, kumene iye anali wambawamba Byzantine, mzimu Asian, amene ankaoneka kuti iye mwini wa boma la Russia. Zinali pano anafuna kuyamba Europeanization wa Moscow, kuwadziwa ndi ntchito ya kukhazikitsanso wa mzinda Bazhenov.

Kutchuka ntchito, akufuna ndi "ulendo kumangira boma la Russia Palace", ngakhale Mfumukazi ankaoneka kwakukulu kwambiri. Bazhenov akufuna kuphwasula nyumba yakale ndi kumanga zikuluzikulu Mipikisano storey nyumba, moyang'anizana ndi pamakoma yaikulu ya mtsinje, koma mawu a kupanga kutseka malangizo yaikulu ya misewu zozungulira wa Moscow.

Patatha zaka zisanu ntchitoyi inatha, anapanga chitsanzo ukanakhala wa Grand Kremlin Palace. Ngakhale kuika wapadera wa nyumba yatsopano ndi kuphwasula mbali ya khoma, koma ndiye sanapeze. Catherine chidwi ntchitoyo, zimapangitsa Moscow anaopseza ukulu wa likulu kumpoto ndipo adamfunsa zolowa m'patali. Kenako anasankhidwa kuti atsogolere pa ntchito yomanga boma la Russia, MF Cossacks (wamanga ndi yaikulu manja pa zinthu zoposa zimene Bazhenov) kubwezeretsa gawo anawononga pa mpanda, ndipo anamanga pa okonzekera chiyambi cha kumanga malo a nyumba boma latsopano - wanyumbayi. Koma choyamba, iye anapitiriza kugwira ntchito ndi Bazhenov.

Kubadwa kwa "Russian Gothic"

Mu 1775, pa behest wa Catherine mu Moscow unachitikira chikondwerero pa nthawi ya analanda dziko la Crimea ndi mapeto a Kuchuk Kainarji ndi Turkey. Kuchita izi, pa Khodynka anali anamangidwira zosakhalitsa pavilions matabwa chosonyeza mzinda Turkey. Kugwira ntchito imeneyi anapatsidwa kwa "Kremlin ulendo" kutsogoleredwa ndi Bazhenov, kugwirizana naye pafupi omwe kachiwiri anali wamanga Kazakov.

Motero, kugwirizana kwa zinthu chodabwitsa kum'maŵa ndi kufanana tingachipeze powerenga anabadwa chikondwerero mwadala ed, kukongoletsa kalembedwe, wotchedwa zoyerekeza kapena "Russian Gothic". Iye ankakonda Mfumukazi Catherine, ndipo ananena kuti anene mu zinthu cholimba, kumanga pafupi Khodynka Field Road Palace, iye ayenera kupuma pambuyo pa ulendo wautali kuchokera Capital kumpoto. Sinthani ntchito anaikidwa Kazakov. Petrovsky Palace ndi limodzi mwa nsonga ya "Russian Gothic" ndi kupanga kutsogolera Russian wamanga Kazakov.

nyumba Senate mu boma la Russia

Pamene panali kufunika kwa chinyumba chachikulu chapoyera, kumene, kuti mamangidwe ake kucheza M. F.Kazakov mu Moscow - munthu wamanga, ndi pachimake kutchuka ndi luso amphamvu wake. Ndipo iwo anamanga triangular mu mawu a nyumba ya Senate anali watsopano pachimake cha luso lake.

dongosolo Kazakov analibe lonse la Great Palace Bazhenov, koma sanali kulolera kuphunzira kwake, ungwiro njira khalidwe okwana ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu. The mzikiti pamwamba holo, amene amayenera kugwira magawo a boma, amakhudza kukula ndi kuphedwa luso. Kupereka Senate lonse kuti chofunika ndi ulemerero, kuonekera Red Square, ndi bwino mogwirizana woyenera tingachipeze powerenga nyumbayi anthu mu gulu loyimba ndi lalikulu chachikulu ndi kuzungulira mzindawo.

Yadzaoneni mu Tsaritsyno

The nyumba ndi paki gulu loyimba, amatchedwa "Tsarina" inamangidwa pa dziko anagula mwa Catherine mu 1775. Iye anali woti akhale woyamba chinthu choterechi linali kunja kwa St. Petersburg. polojekiti atatumidwa ndi Bazhenov ndi ntchito anafuna wa zongopeka kalembedwe, wotchedwa zoyerekeza kapena "Russian Gothic" ndi Bazhenov amatchedwa "zofewa" Gothic.

Pakuti ntchito iyi wamanga anatenga ndi kuwawonjezera mphamvu zonse, kwa zaka khumi zinachitikadi yomanga zovuta, koma kutsiriza kumanga ake anali kachiwiri Kazakov. Pakati zimayambitsa mkwiyo achifumu, amene anagunda Bazhenov pambuyo kuyendera Ekaterinoy Tsaritsyna, wotchedwa wamanga a "kena kachipembedzo kotchedwa Freemasons" - Mfumukazi anaona zomangamanga mphamvu amatha mtimayo mwana wake - Paul I. Pali maganizo ena, kodi ndi zoona - n'zosatheka kudziwa koma liza zachifumu ntchito ndi malo awo M. Kazakov. The wamanga anayesa mosamala kuchitira mnzake ndi Mlangizi, kusiya labwinobwino ena nyumba Bazhenov. Wakunja kwatawuni Moscow zogona wa Russian tsars Tsaritsyno ndipo anafa, koma atachira mu mawonekedwe ano, ndi otchuka tchuthi kopita ndi imodzi mwa kuona wa Moscow.

Katswiri "dopozharnoy" Moscow

Popeza makumi asanu ndi awiri mochedwa wa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu wamanga m'ma Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich kwenikweni zimene lero amatchedwa wamanga mkulu wa Moscow. Mwa nyumba zake yambiri ya kulambira, presences nyumba ndi minda payekha. Ambiri mwa ntchito zake anasowa mu moto wa Napoleonic kuwukira, ena kumangidwanso, koma ena zitsanzo za ntchito yake akhoza kukhala woyamikiridwa lero.

"Russian Gothic" anali akufunira wa makasitomala olemera ndi mfumu, ndipo Kazakov, makamaka anamanga mu otchuka kalembedwe tingachipeze powerenga. Ichi ndi Mpingo wa Metropolitan Philip mu Meshchansky Sloboda. N'zochititsa chidwi kuphatikiza anapereka aliyense chonse ena mwa mawu a buku ndi apamwamba a ulemerero stucco, umene uli makamaka kuonekera talente Kazakova-zojambulajambula.

Zodabwitsa mwaluso - Mpingo wa Cosmas ndi Damian pa Maroseyka - kusiyana ndi osakaniza mwaluso mabuku n'njokhota ndi njira pafupifupi masiku ano ndi minimalist mu zokongoletsa. Kuwonjezera ambiri zachifumu, mipingo, m'nyumba, nyumba sukulu, anamanga zipatala atatu, omwe anakhala ulemerero wa Moscow.

A malo apadera kwa Moscow Kazakov - kumanga Nyumba Noble - House zilumikizano. Pamakoma nthawi yaitali kumanganso, koma Interiors wa kangapo (a Maapatimenti, ndi chinthu chachikulu - ndime Hall) lingaliro la katswiri wa zomangamanga mu mawonekedwe pafupifupi pachiyambi. A yaikulu, amene akhoza kumakhalamo anthu 5000, ndi chidwi mu classically ogwirizana.

Mlengi wa Moscow XVIII m'ma

Kuwonjezera nyumba zina zodziwika zotsatira za katswiri wa zomangamanga - waluntha osiyanasiyana ambuye, ndi mphunzitsi yemwe anali katswiri wa zomangamanga Kazakov. Ntchito I. V. Egotova, AN Bakareva, O. I. Bove, IG Taman akhala ankanena kuti ayambe wotsatira wa Moscow, nthawi yomweyo zothandiza kuti ntchito zina Kazakova 13 Albums ndi mapulani, okwera ndi zigawo nyumba kwambiri mu Moscow .

Iye anafa, sangathe kubala lingaliro la imfa ya mzinda wokondedwa, koma talente wosangalatsa ntchitoyo Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov sanathe kutaika popanda kufufuza, ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano Moscow akadali amasunga kukumbukira omanga wamkulu.