Wilhelm Richard Wagner: MBIRI. Richard Wagner ndi ntchito yake yotchuka

Wilhelm Richard Wagner - German Wolemba ndi theorist la sewero, wotsogolera zisudzo, kondakitala, polemicist, amene anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa masewero a wake, amene akhala akuthandiza chosintha nyimbo Western. Zina mwa ntchito yake yaikulu - "The Flying wa ku Netherlands" (1843), "Tannhauser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan ndi Isolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882 .) ndi tetralogy "Der mphete des Nibelungen" (1869-1876 gg.).

Richard Wagner: yochepa mbiri ndi zilandiridwenso

Wagner anabadwa pa May 22, 1813 mumzinda wa Leipzig, ku banja wodzichepetsa. Bambo ake anamwalira posachedwapa atabadwa mwana wake, ndipo pasanathe chaka mayi ake anakwatira Lyudviga Geyera. Sizikudziwika ngati otsiriza wosewera kuyendayenda, bambo lenileni la mnyamatayo. Wagner nyimbo maphunziro anali mwachisawawa, mpaka 18, pamene anakhala chaka pa Theodore Vaynliga ku Leipzig. Iye anayamba ntchito yake mu 1833 monga wochititsa choral mu Würzburg ndipo analemba mabuku ake oyambirira, wopangidwa mwa kutsanzira nyimbo German chikondi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, fano lake lenileni linali Beethoven.

Wagner analemba za zisudzo wake woyamba "fairies" mu 1833, koma adaperekedwa atamwalira wolemba a. Iye anali nyimbo mkulu wa zisudzo ku Magdeburg ku 1834 kuti 1836, pamene ntchito yotsatira, "choletsedwa Chikondi" zochokera "Kuyeza kwa Pimani" Shakespeare, anali ankachitika mu 1836. Opera zowawa fiasco amphumphu anachita zisudzo zinatha. Komabe, mavuto azachuma a Wolemba zonse za mbiri yake yonse. Richard Wagner mu chaka chomwecho Königsberg anakwatira Minna Planner, woimba ndi Ammayi, wakhala kukhala wochitachita mu zigawo moyo zisudzo. Patapita miyezi ingapo iye analandira malo wotsogolera nyimbo ya Municipal Theater, imene Komabe, komanso posachedwa zinatha.

Kulephera kwa France ndi kubwerera ku Germany

Mu 1837, Wagner anakhala munthu woyamba nyimbo mkulu wa zisudzo mu Riga. Patapita zaka ziwiri, atamva kuti pangano lake nthawi yotalikirapo, pansi usiku pothawa angongole ndi okhometsa, banjali anapita ku Paris, poganiza kuti izo boma. Richard Wagner, amene mbiri ndi ntchito mu France kusanduka mosiyana, mmene iye anakonzera nthawi yake kumeneko kudana kwambiri ndi French chikhalidwe nyimbo, amene wakhala naye mpaka mapeto a moyo. Inali pa nthawi iyi, Wagner, m'mavuto azachuma, anagulitsa Paris Opera script "The Flying wa ku Netherlands" ntchito mwa Wolemba wina. Am'tsogolo analemba buku lina la nthano ya. Kukanidwa ndi mabwalo Parisian nyimbo, Wagner anapitiriza kumenyana kuzindikira la: ankalemba nyimbo malemba French, analemba aria kwa Bellini a "Norma". Koma achiyesa kuika ntchito zawo pachabe. Pomaliza, mfumu ya Saxony analola Wagner ntchito mu Dresden bwalo zisudzo, ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti moyo wake Parisian.

Richard Wagner, kukhumudwitsidwa ndi zolephera, mu 1842 anabwerera ku Germany ndipo anakakhala ku Dresden, kumene iye anali ndi udindo wa nyimbo bwalo yopemphereramo. "Rienzi" wamkulu zomvetsa chisoni sewero kalembedwe French, apambananso wodzichepetsa. Overture kwa iwo akadali otchuka. Mu 1845, ku Dresden, ndi kuyamba kwa "Tannhauser." Icho chinali choyamba undoubted bwino ntchito Wagner a. Mu November chaka chomwecho iye anamaliza kulemba libretto kwa sewero la "Lohengrin" pa chiyambi cha 1846 anayamba kulemba nyimbo ake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chidwi ndi sagas Scandinavia, iye anaganiza zokwera kwa tetralogy wake "The mphete za Nibelung." Mu 1845, anakonza script kwa sewero loyamba la tetralogy "Imfa ya Siegfried," yomwe kenako anadzatchedwa ndi "Kusanache wa Milungu."

Richard Wagner: yochepa mbiri. zaka za ukapolo

Kukwera kwa 1848 kunabuka mizinda ya ku Germany. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Dresden, ndi ophunzira mwakhama kayendedwe chosintha omwe anakhala Richard Wagner. Wambiri ndi ntchito ya Wolemba kwakukulukulu chifukwa nthawi imeneyi wake. Anasindikiza tirades incendiary mu magazini dziko pandekha kugawira manifestos pakati pa asilikali a Achisaxon, ndipo ngakhale anapulumuka moto mu nsanja, amene ankaweta kayendedwe ka asilikali. May 16, 1849 chilolezo ndi linaperekedwa kwa amangidwe. Ndi ndalama za anzanu ndi tsogolo mpongozi Franz Liszt anathawa Dresden ndipo anayenda kudzera Paris ku Switzerland. Kumeneko, woyamba mu Zurich kenako pafupi Lucerne kwa zaka 15 ndipo unasinthika mbiri yake. Richard Wagner moyo, wopanda ntchito okhazikika, kuchotsedwa Germany, ndi kuletsa kutenga nawo mbali mu German moyo zisudzo. nthawi yonseyi iye ntchito pa "mphete des Nibelungen" kuti chogwidwa moyo wake kulenga kenaka zaka makumi awiri.

The staging loyamba la sewero la Richard Wagner a "Lohengrin" unachitika ku Weimar motsogozedwa ndi Franz Liszt mu 1850 (wolemba sanamuona ntchito zake pamaso 1861). Ndi nthawi iyi Wolemba German komanso atatchuka monga polemicist, ndipo lofunika ntchito yake ongolankhula, "Opera ndi Drama" anatuluka mu 1850-1851 gg. Kali kufunika nthano za zisudzo ndi mmene kulemba libretto, ndipo anaphunzitsidwa maganizo ake pa kukhazikitsa ndi "ntchito okwana luso" chimene chinasintha moyo choonetsedwa mu Germany, ngati dziko.

Mu 1850, Wagner linasindikizidwa nkhani "Chiyuda mu Music", limene amakayikira kwambiri kuti kuli a Wolemba Ayuda ndi woimba, makamaka anthu German. Anti-Semitism anakhalabe wakuti nzeru ake.

Mu 1933, boma la Soviet Union, bukhu linasindikizidwa mu "Moyo wa Anthu Ogwira" zino AA Sidorova "Richard Wagner." Mwachidule yonena za wolemba German unachitika Lunacharsky mawu sitiyenera impoverish dziko, kudutsa ntchito yake, komanso sulilos "tsoka kwa munthu amene tiyeni mfiti izi mu msasa wathu."

ntchito kuberekana

Richard Wagner ntchito wotchuka linalembedwa pakati pa 1850 ndi 1865 - kwa iwo alitcha mbiri yake lero. Wolemba mwadala shied kutali ndi ntchito yopitilira kulenga ndi mkombero epic zoopsa izi, palibe aliyense amene pamaso pake chiyani zingasokoneze. Mu 1851, Wagner analemba libretto kuti "Young Siegfried" anam'patsa dzina lakuti "Siegfried" kukonzekera pansi kwa "Kusanache wa Milungu." Iye anazindikira kuti zifukwa ntchito inayo, kuwonjezera pa ichi, afunika alembepo awiri kwambiri sewero, ndipo pofika cha 1851 Wagner sketched lemba otsala a "mphete". Iye anamaliza "Das Rheingold" mu 1852 pambuyo Baibulo la libretto kuti "Valkyrie."

Mu 1853, wolemba ali mwalamulo anayamba kulemba "Das Rheingold". The orchestration linamalizidwa mu 1854th. ntchito yotsatira pokhala kwambiri anayamba Richard Wagner "Mwalirani Walküre", inatha mu 1856-m. Pa nthawi imeneyi iye adatoma kunyerezera kulemba "Tristan ndi Isolde". Mu 1857, mchitidwe yachiwiri "Siegfried" inatha ndi kupeka nyimbo za amamizidwa thupi lonse mu nkhani "Tristan." Ntchito imeneyi inatha mu 1859, koma kuyamba ake anatenga malo okhawo 1865 ku Munich.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Mu 1860, Wilhelm Richard Wagner chilolezo kubwerera ku Germany, kupatulapo Saxony. Full Amnesty anali kudikira iwo mu zaka ziwiri. Mu chaka chomwecho anayamba kulemba nyimbo za zisudzo "The Mastersingers wa Nuremberg" imene anakhala ndi pakati 1845-m. Wagner adapitiriza ntchito pa "Siegfried" mu 1865 ndipo anayamba kupanga zina zachidule za tsogolo "Parsifal", chiyembekezo chimene anali kuyambira cha m'ma 1840s. Wolemba nyimbo za zisudzo nayamba pa kuumirira kwa woyang'anira wake Bavarian mfumu Ludwig II. "Mwalirani Meistersinger" linamalizidwa mu 1867. kuyamba unachitikira Munich chaka chamawa. Only akatero anayambiranso ntchito pa mwambo wachitatu "Siegfried", umene unakwaniritsidwa mu September 1869. M'mwezi womwewo, icho poyamba anachita sewero la "Das Rheingold". The nyimbo "Kusanache wa Milungu," wolemba analemba pakati pa 1869 ndi 1874

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kayendedwe ka zonse "Der mphete des Nibelungen" ( "Das Rheingold," "Mwalirani Walküre", "Siegfried" ndi "Kusanache wa Milungu") anaphedwa mu "Festspielhaus" chikondwerero zisudzo kuti Wagner anamanga yekha Bayreuth mu 1876, patatha zaka 30 pambuyo mfundo imeneyi woyamba adadza kwa iye. Anatsiriza ntchito pa "Parsifal", masewero ake atsopano mu 1882. February 13, 1883, ku Venice, Richard Wagner anamwalira, naikidwa Bayreuth.

Philosophy tetralogy

"The mphete za Nibelung" ali ndi malo lalikulu la ntchito ya Wagner. Apa iye akhafuna kampereka malingaliro atsopano makhalidwe ndi kanthu anthu, zimene zasintha kalekale. Iye anaganiza dziko lopanda akulambira ukapolo zauzimu, amene ankakhulupirira anali kuchita zoipa chitukuko Western ku Greece wakale masiku ano. Wagner Komanso ankaona gwero la zinthu zonse anthu akuopa kuti ayenera tichotse munthu anakhoza kukhala moyo wangwiro. The "mphete ya Nibelungen" anayesa kufotokoza amadwala kwa anthu, zinthu zimene Udzalamulira amphawi. Poyankha, malinga ndi iye, zivundi chabe kuzindikira yekha otsika mthupi mwawo ndi kupereka ulemerero ngwazi abwino. Matenda ena obwera pofunafuna makhalidwe abwino ndipo mafuko, ndi mbali yofunika ya dongosolo, amene anasunga Richard Wagner.

Ntchito za wolemba anachita ndi chikhulupiriro chokha okwana kumiza mu zinachitikira ndi chipangizo akhoza kumasula munthu ku zopinga za rationality. Kaya ndi nzeru zamtengo wapatali moyo wanzeru amaonedwa Wagner monga chokhumudwitsa kukwaniritsa munthu yonse kudziwika. Only pamene munthu abwino ndi mkazi abwino kubwera pamodzi, transcendental amunamuna fano akhoza analenga. Ndipo Siegfried Brungilda zitsulo unbeaten pambuyo anagonjera mzake; popanda iwo apitirira Kukhala angwiro.

Mu dziko Wagner ndi nthano si malo chifundo ndi chabe. Angadziperekere yekha kondwerani mwa wina ndi mnzake. Anthu onse ayenera kuzindikira ndi wapamwamba koposa ena a zolengedwa, kenako tiweramitse chifuniro chawo. Munthu akhoza kufunafuna tsogolo lake, koma ayenera kumvera chifuniro cha Kumwambamwamba, ngati njira zawo kupandira. The "mphete ya Nibelungen" Wagner ankafuna kusiya chitukuko tinatengera kwa dziko Agiriki-Judeo-Christian. Iye akhafuna kuona dziko, amene chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mphamvu ndi wildness, adayimba mu sagas Norse. Zotsatira za maganizo amenewa tsogolo la Germany anakhala zoopsa.

Philosophy masewero a ena

Mu "Tristan," Wagner ali kwathunthu anasintha ake, anayamba mwa Iye "mphete ya Nibelung." M'malo mwake, akatswiri mbali yoipa ya chikondi kuyenda pansi pa madzi mu kuya zinachitikira negative. Tristan ndi Isolde atamasulidwa, osati ndi cholinga chikondi kum'soŵetsa mtendere ali oledzera, pofuna kuwononga ufumu, okonda ndi moyo; mphamvu chibadwidwe wa chikondi imatengedwa pano monga zowononga ndi kalembedwe nyimbo chromaticism ndi lalikulu pulsations loimba abwino malipoti lonjezo sewero.

Buku lina Wagner, amene sanali amalolera chilichonse koma wakhungu zolakwika ake, anabwera patsogolo "Mwalirani Meistersinger." The imanena za mnyamata ngwazi-woimba kugonjetsa kuti akale ndi kujambula pansi latsopano, kalembedwe zambiri zosangalatsa miyambo kugwirizana kampani ya Nuremberg - nthano za "mphete" mu amati yosiyaniranapo. Wagner anati poyera kuti "Tristan" ndi "mphete" mu kakang'ono. Mwachionekere, mu "Mwalirani Meistersinger" Wolemba limatchula ndi chithunzi umesiya wachichepere German ndakatulo ndi woimba amene mphoto, ndipo potsiriza anatengedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa dziko latsopano - ndi zogwirizana zopeka wolemba ndi mbiri yake. Richard Wagner "Parsifal" kwambiri intensively akudzitchulanso ndi ngwazi-mpulumutsi, ndi Mombolo wa dziko. Masakramenti, ndi kuyimba matamando kwa opera, awo adzakhala ulemerero wa wolemba, osati mulungu aliyense.

chinenero nyimbo

Ukulu wa masomphenya Wagner ndi wosangalatsa ngati amawateteza maganizo ake ndi metaphysics. Popanda nyimbo, masewero ake kuti akali yofunika kwambiri ya ganizo Western. Richard Wagner, amene nyimbo wachulukitsa phindu la ntchito yake nthawi zambiri, spawned chinenero, zabwino akuimira nzeru zake. Iye anafuna kuti tisiye kulimbikira a magulu a chifukwa kudzera nyimbo. Choncho, nyimbo ayenera kosatha, ndi mawu ndi mawu ali gawo la nsalu, kotheratu ndi ukonde zazikulu za orchestration. chilankhulo mawu, nthawi zambiri samveka kwambiri ndi syntactically torturous, alandirika kokha nyimbo.

Nyimbo Wagner mwa njira iliyonse sanali enaake, nsalu mu sewero nditamaliza ake, ndipo iyo inali kuposa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi apamwamba ofunda, "luso chifukwa cha luso la." Iwo chimalimbitsa moyo ndi luso, mfundo ndi nkhambakamwa umodzi symbiotic mgwirizano, khama matsenga awo zotsatira omvera. chinenero nyimbo Wagner ndi cholinga debunk ndi zomveka ndipo chifukwa N'ZOSACHITA kufunsa kuvomereza zikhulupiriro wolemba a. Mu Wagner kuwerenga Schopenhauer abwino masewero nyimbo - uwu si chinyezimiro cha dziko, koma dziko palokha.

makhalidwe

zimenezi wa moyo kulenga ya Wagner silinenapo za mavuto ulemu waukulu moyo wake, amene nawonso, kwakhudza za zisudzo wake. Iye analidi wachikoka chithunzi amene wagonjetsa mavuto. Mu Switzerland, wolemba anakhala pa zopereka zimene analandira mothandizidwa ndi kuchenjerera zodabwitsa ndi mphamvu kupezerera anthu. Makamaka, linapangitsa kuti umoyo wa banja Wesendonck, ndi Matilda Vezendonk, mmodzi wa anthu okonda Wagner anamuuza kuti alembe "Tristan."

moyo Wolemba pambuyo kuchoka kwa Saxony anali mndandanda zonse intrigue, mikangano, akufuna kuthetsa kusiyana kwa dziko, kufunafuna mkazi wangwiro woyenera kukondedwa yabwino woyang'anira woyenera wolandira ndalama zomwe izo zikanakhoza kukhala. Cosima Von Bulow Liszt linali yankho atsale ndi mkazi wangwiro, obsequiously ndi motentheka odzipereka kwa banjalo. Ngakhale Wagner ndi Minna kwa nthawi yaitali anakhala yekha, iye sanali anakwatira Cosimo mu 1870, pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wake woyamba. zaka 30 wamng'ono kuposa mwamuna wake, Cosima moyo wake wonse odzipereka yokha zisudzo Wagner pa Bayreuth. Iye anafa mu 1930

Analidi abwino woyang'anira Ludwig II, amene Linapulumutsadi Wagner m'ndende amangawa 'ndipo anasamukira wolemba ku Munich ndi pafupifupi mundi Blanche moyo ndi ntchito. Korona zipsera Lyudvig a Bavaria anapezeka pa kuyamba kwa "Lohengrin" pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Iye ankakonda Richard Wagner - osati misozi ya chimwemwe chikukuwa mu maso ake kamodzi ndi udindo waukulu talente admirer wa Wolemba pa chionetsero. Opera chinadzakhala maziko a Mfumu ya Bavaria zongopeka dziko limene nthawi zambiri anathamangira ku moyo wake wamkulu. akamakonda wake ndi masewero a Wagner zinachititsa kuti ntchito yomanga nyumba zosiyanasiyana fairytale. "Neuschwanstein" mwina kapangidwe wotchuka kwambiri, anauziridwa ndi ntchito za Wolemba German.

Pambuyo anapulumutsidwa Komabe, Wagner zinthu zina offensively kuti mwachimbulimbuli kulambira anthu ochita wamng'ono mfumu pambuyo pa zaka 2 anathawa. Ludwig, ngakhale anakhumudwa, anali wothandiza tchalitchi cha Wolemba lapansi. Zikomo chifukwa cha kuwolowa manja ake mu 1876 zidatheka chikondwerero loyamba ntchitoyo "Der mphete des Nibelungen" mu Bayreuth.

Difficile Wagner anatsimikiza ukulu wake, ndi zaka iwo unadzakhala lingaliro lake wosangalala monyanyira. Iye anali wosalolera wa kukayika kulikonse, kulephera aliyense kumugwira ndi chilengedwe chake. Zonse mu nyumba yake yokha wonse unali pa iye, ndipo golideyo kwa akazi, mistresses, abwenzi, oimba ndi akufuna kwabwino anali wokwera. Mwachitsanzo, Hanslick, wotchuka Viennese nyimbo wotsutsa, anakhala zinachitika Bekmessera mu "Mwalirani Meistersinger."

Pamene nzeru zapamwamba wamng'ono Fridrih Nitsshe koyamba Wagner, iye ankaganiza kuti iye anali atapeza njira yake kwa Mulungu, kotero chowala ndi wamphamvu izo zinkawoneka kuti iye. Kenako Nietzsche anazindikira kuti wolemba ndi zochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi thupi langwiro la Chitsulo, momwe Iye anawonekera kwa iye, ndipo anatembenukira kumbali kunyansidwa. Wagner konse anakhululukira kuthawa Nietzsche.

Place mu mbiri

Poyang'ana m'mbuyo kukwaniritsa Wagner kuposa khalidwe lake, komanso zotsatira zake. Iye anatha kupulumuka kukana pazikhala mibadwo wotsatira wa analemba. Wagner analenga wothandiza, chinenero wapadera nyimbo, makamaka "Tristan" ndi "Parsifal" kuti chiyambi cha nyimbo zamakono nthawi zambiri zinamuchitikira nthawi yatsoka zichite zisudzo izi.

Richard Wagner, amene wotchuka ntchito suthera zamawonekedwe woyera ndi umboni chitukuko ongolankhula, anasonyeza kuti nyimbo ndi mphamvu ya moyo umene angathe kusintha miyoyo ya anthu. Komanso, imatsimikizirika kuti zisudzo zochititsa chidwi ndi Forum maganizo, osati zochitika za kuzemba zosangalatsa. Ndipo anasonyeza kuti wolemba ndiye kutenga malo ake pakati pa anthu anzeru kwambiri chosintha wa chitukuko Western, nafunsana ndi pomenyana zooneka zosavomerezeka m'njira mwambo wa khalidwe wawo, maphunziro ndi luso losiyanasiyana. Pamodzi ndi Karlom Marksom ndi Charles Darwin Richard Wagner mbiri, zilandiridwenso, nyimbo Wolemba woyenera kutenga malo ake oyenera mu mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha m'ma XIX.