Bomba wa hydrogen. Mbiri ya chilengedwe cha chida wamphamvu

Cha m'ma 30 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo ku Ulaya ndi malamulo magawano ndi kuwola anali anapeza mankhwala mchitidwe ureniamu, bomba wa hydrogen ku gulu la zopeka inasanduka zenizeni. Mbiri ya chitukuko cha mphamvu za nyukiliya chidwi ndi adakali mpikisano zosangalatsa pakati lingathe dziko sayansi: Nazi Germany, Soviet Union ndi United States. Amphamvu kwambiri bomba, amene kulota kukhala State iliyonse yomwe alibe zida kokha, komanso ndi chida champhamvu ndale. Dziko limene anali iye mu nkhokwe zake Ndipotu anakhala wamphamvu zonse ndipo ndi wokhoza ulembedwe malamulo.

Bomba wa hydrogen ali ndi mbiri ya chilengedwe, ozikidwa pa malamulo a sayansi, womwe ndi ndondomeko maphatikizidwe. Poyamba iye ankatchedwa molakwa nyukiliya, ndi chifukwa ilo linali umbuli. Mu 1938, wasayansi Bethe, amene anadzakhala Nobel, ntchito pa gwero yokumba mphamvu - ureniamu fission. Izo zinali nsonga za ntchito ya sayansi ya sayansi ambiri, ndi mwa iwo ankaona kuti zinsinsi sayansi ayenera kulibe konse, kuyambira chiyambi malamulo a sayansi ndi mayiko.

Theoretically, bomba wa hydrogen kupangidwa, koma tsopano mothandizidwa okonza iye unkakhala mitundu luso. N'chimodzi chokha kumunyamula mu chipolopolo makamaka n'kumamva mphamvu. Pali akatswiri awiri amene maina mpaka kalekale zigwirizane ndi chilengedwe cha zida zamphamvu: United States ali - Edward wonena, ndipo mu USSR - Andrei Sakharov.

Mu nyukiliya vuto US mwamsanga 1942 anayamba kuphunzira sayansi Edward wonena. Mwa dongosolo la Garri Trumena, pa nthawi ya Pulezidenti, pa nkhani asayansi zabwino za dziko, Adalenga chida wachibadidwe latsopano la chiwonongeko. Komanso kuti boma anali ndi bomba mphamvu osachepera matani mamiliyoni wa TNT. Wonena bomba wa hydrogen analengedwa ndi kuonetsedwa kwa anthu Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, malire ake, koma luso kuwononga.

Iwo Hiroshima bomba lomwe matani 4.5 wa ureniamu zili makilogalamu 100. kuphulika Izi chofanana pafupifupi 12.500 matani TNT. Mzinda Japanese wa Nagasaki nyukiliyazo basi bomba anawononga kulemera chomwecho, koma ali wofanana ndi matani 20 000 wa TNT.

Tsogolo Soviet academician Andrei Sakharov mu 1948, zochokera kafukufuku, anapereka kamangidwe ka bomba wa hydrogen pansi pa dzina la RDS-6. kafukufuku wake wapita ku nthambi ziwiri: woyamba amatchedwa "kuwomba" (RDS-6s), ndipo anali kudziŵika ndi mlandu atomiki lozungulira zigawo za kuwala ndi zinthu zolemera. Nthambi chachiwiri - "chitoliro" kapena (RDS-6t) m'menemo nyukiliyazo basi bomba ali deuterium madzi. Zitatero, anapeza zofunika kwambiri chaonekera kutsimikizira kuti malangizo a "chitoliro" ndi mapeto akufa.

The opaleshoni mfundo ya bomba la haidrojeni ndi motere: mkati chipolopolo woyamba kuyaka moto HB mlandu umene Anayambitsa maphatikizidwe anachita kumachitika chifukwa cha nyutironi kung'anima. Pamene ndondomeko imeneyi limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa kutentha chimene chili chofunika zina maphatikizidwe. Neutrons kuyamba bombardment zapamadzi ku lifiyamu deuteride, ndipo motsatana ndi mchikakamizo mwachindunji neutrons ng'ambidwa mu zinthu ziwiri, tritium ndi helium. Monga ntchito lama fuyusi nyukiliya kukhazikitsa zigawo zikuluzikulu anakhumba mu kaphatikizidwe kale zoyendetsedwa bomba. Ameneyo ndi mfundo zovuta bomba wa hydrogen. Pambuyo njira imeneyi kuyambirira akuyamba mwachindunji nyukiliya anachita mu chisakanizo cha deuterium ndi tritium. Pa nthawi iyi mu bomba kwambiri kumawonjezera kutentha, ndi kaphatikizidwe amatenda kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa haidrojeni. Ngati mutsata njira ya motero, liwiro zochita akhoza msanga anafotokoza.

Kenako, asayansi sizinaikidwe kaphatikizidwe wa mtima ndi kugawikana awo. Mu fission wa tani imodzi ureniamu kwaiye mphamvu zofanana 18 Mt. Chotero bomba ali mphamvu kwambiri. Bomba amphamvu kwambiri, olengedwa mwa anthu a Soviet Union. Iye anakwera Guinness Book of Records. kuphulika ake anali wofanana 57 (pafupifupi) megatons mankhwala TNT. Iwo anali litaphulitsidwa mu 1961 mu Novaya Zemlya zilumba m'deralo.