Golden algae: mitundu ndi maudindo

Golden algae Division (photos, specifications ndi mafotokozedwe a mitundu munthu angapezeke mu nkhani iyi) amadziwika, mwinamwake, makamaka monga akatswiri. Komabe, nthumwi zake kusewera ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Golden algae - limodzi mwa magulu wamkulu wa algae. Makolo awo anali chachikulu amoeboid zamoyo. Golden algae ofanana ndi lachikasu wobiriwira, ndipo diatomaceous pang'ono bulauni algae inki asilikali, pamaso pa pakachitsulo mu nembanemba cha ndende, zikuchokera yosungirako zinthu. Pali zifukwa zokwanira kukhulupirira kuti iwo ndiwo akutoma kwa diatoms. Komabe, kopanda ichi akhoza kukhala bwinobwino kutsimikiziridwa.

Golden algae Division: makhalidwe ambiri

Tili ndi chidwi zomera ndi ndithu morphological zosiyanasiyana. Golden algae (chithunzi cha tafotokoza) ndi onse unicellular ndi multicellular, atsamunda. Komanso, pakati pa algae golide ndi nthumwi achirendo kwambiri. Multicore thallium ali maliseche Plasmodium. Choncho, yosiyanasiyana golide algae.

Kapangidwe ka maselo a zamoyo izi amakhala ndi pamaso pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero chawo zimadalira mtundu. Kawirikawiri awiri a iwo, koma tisaiwale kuti mitundu ina, pali zitatu zagolidi algae bakiteriya udzakhalire. Chachitatu, mapulani lili pakati pa awiri makina. Iye anaitana gantonemoy ndipo amakhala ndi kutambasuka kumapeto. Gantonemy mbali ndi selo ndi izo zaikidwa gawo lapansi ndi.

mtundu

Golden algae - ndi wosiyana, womwenso mitundu makamaka tosaoneka. chloroplasts awo amakhala golide-chikasu. Chidwi inki wotchedwa chlorophyll A. Komanso, wotchedwa chlorophyll wakhala wapezeka E, komanso carotenoids ambiri, kuphatikizapo carotene ndi xanthophylls, makamaka Staphylococcus fucoxanthin. Ochekenera oimira Dipatimenti chidwi kumakhala ndi mitundu yosiyana-siyana malingana ndi predominance wa munthu kapena ena a inki izi. Zimakhala ku Kamaoneka zofiirira ndi enaake achikasu kwa woyera golide-chikasu.

Ubwino ndi kubalana

mitundu Golden algae amene ali lambiri - izo phototrophic zamoyo. phindu lagona makamaka chilengedwe mayiwe kupanga yaikulu. Komanso, iwo ali nawo mwa kundipatsako unyolo wa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za m'madzi, kuphatikizapo nsomba, golide algae. Mitundu bwino mpweya ufumu wawo Madamu osiyanasiyana komwe iwo kukula. iwo kukhala ndi miyala ya sapropel.

Division Golden algae kuswana nthumwi zake yodziwika ndi kusiyana kumodzi khungu, komanso ndi kuvunda Thallus kapena madera multicellular m'magulu payekha. Maphunziro kudziwika ndi ndondomeko zogonana, zimene ndi mmene autogamy, hologamiyu kapena isogamy. Mu zotsatira za kubalana kuoneka amkati siliceous cysts, zimasiyanasiyana m'munsi monga chikhalidwe cha sculpting awo chipolopolo. cysts awa ndi ntchito yofunika - iwo kuthandiza algae kupulumuka zinthu chowawa.

Kufalitsa golide algae

Golden algae kufala padziko lonse. Koma nthawi zambiri iwo kukula mu M'madera a zitunda kotentha. zomera moyo makamaka mu madzi atsopano. Golden algae makamaka wamba mu bogs sphagnum ndi madzi acid. A ochepa zamoyo izi padziko nyanja mchere ndi nyanja. The madzi owonongeka ndi n'kukhala kwambiri. Koma nthaka, iwo ndi mitundu yochepa moyo.

Golden algae Division oyimirira magulu angapo. Pansipa ife kufotokozera ena a iwo.

kalasi Hrizokapsovye

oimira ake amakhala ndi zovuta Thallus muli dongosolo mucosa. Hrizokapsovye mitundu atsamunda monga, komabe ankangokhala akuyandama kapena Ufumuyo. Maselo a zamoyo izi alibe michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana, kapena protrusions pamwamba. Iwo amaphatikizidwa mu umodzi madera wamba amatope, kunama zambiri mu zigawo zake zotumphukira, koma akhale mu gawo lapadera.

kalasi Hrizotrihovye

kalasi imeneyi imaphatikizapo golide algae, ndi mbale ngati, ndi filamentous raznonitchatuyu dongosolo. zamoyo zonsezi multicellular, benthic ambiri amagwira. Tull apereka nthambi kapena zophweka, osakwatira kapena Mipikisano mzere yarns, discoid othandiza magazi kuundana parenchymal kapena tchire. Ambiri iwo kumizidwa amatope.

Mu gulu ili pamodzi kupanga madzi oyera, m'madzi ndi brackish zochepa. Hrizotrihovye ndi yofunika koposa gulu la zamoyo za algae onse golide. mamembala ake ali ofanana mu maonekedwe ndi ulotriksovymi a dipatimenti ya algae zobiriwira, komanso geterotriksovymi dipatimenti wachokera ndi lachikasu wobiriwira algae. Ena oimira hrizotrihovyh amafanana ena kelp kwambiri chabe anakonza.

kalasi Hrizosferovye

M'kalasimo uli golide algae, amene ali coccoid thupi kapangidwe. Maselo a zamoyo izi okutidwa ndi mapadi Kakhungu. Mangongo ndi owayimilira rhizopoda a m'gulu limeneli ndi kwina kwathunthu. zomera ndi unicellular, ima. Wofala mitundu atsamunda, amene ali clumps maselo, mwachisawawa chikugwirizana ndi kumizidwa mu amatope okwana. Iwo alibe kupanga filaments kapena othandiza magazi kuundana pa kubalana.

kalasi Hrizofitsievye

Mu gulu ili ogwirizana golide algae, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gulu la Thallus lapansi. chipangizo kuti ndi maziko ake, malinga ndi zimene malamulo otsatirawa zigwire kwa kalasi: rizohrizidalnye (ndi rizopodialnuyu dongosolo) hrizomonadalnye (mopadnye mawonekedwe) hrizokapsalnye (palmelloidnye mawonekedwe) feotamnialnye (filamentous) ndi hrizosferalnye (coccoid mawonekedwe). Tikupereka inu kuti bwino malangizo munthu wa kalasi.

Hrizomonadalnye (ayi - hromulinalnye)

Ichi ndi ndondomeko yaikulu, kaphatikizidwe golide algae ndi dongosolo monadic monga atsamunda ndi unicellular. chrysomonads Systematics zochokera kapangidwe ndi chiwerengero michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mapepala awo khungu. Pali mitundu ya wina ndi biflagellate. Poyamba ankakhulupirira kuti kwambiri wosazindikira gwero ali ndicho choyamba. Komabe, elekitironi maso anathandiza asayansi kupeza kuti njira ankati odnozhgutikovyh azipereka wachiwiri lateral bakiteriya udzakhalire yaing'ono. Ofufuzawa hypothesized kuti ziriri kungakhale biflagellate chrysomonads ndi heteromorphic geterokontnye ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu odnozhgutikovye ndizo zotsatira za kuchepetsa wotsatira wa yochepa oyang'anira.

Koma selo chimakwirira hrizomonadalnyh Oyimirira ali osiyana. Pali maliseche mawonekedwe, akuvala okha plasma Kakhungu. Mitundu ina ya maselo ndi unazunguliridwa mu nyumba wapadera mapadi. Pa plasmalemma chivundikiro lachitatu wapangidwa ndi mamba silicified.

Ntchito gulu khungu anachita chrysomonads kubalana ndondomeko. Mu mitundu ina kumeneko ndi ndondomeko kugonana.

Tikumbukenso kuti chrysomonads - ziri makamaka zamoyo madzi oyera. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu madzi bwino. Chrysomonads zambiri zimachitika pa nyengo yozizira, yophukira mochedwa ndi masika oyambirira. Ena zamoyo moyo pansi ayezi m'nyengo yozizira. Komabe, monga asayansi apeza, chifukwa iwo si ofunika kwambiri kutentha madzi. Iwo ali okha kufunika zina. Kapangidwe ka madzi ndi chinthu yovuta. Chaka chonse ndi kusintha madzi pa nyengo yozizira chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zomera zina zili asafe ndi chitsulo. chrysomonads ambiri amakhala ku zomera. Iwo ndi makonzedwe apadera pochititsa moyo planktonic. Ena oimira chrysomonads papezeka madzi bulauni mtundu, moti "pachimake".

Tikupereka inu kuti bwino banja Ohromonadovye kuti amagwira ntchito gulu ili.

banja Ohromonadovye

Tipitirize kubwerezanso dipatimenti cha golide algae. Anthu a m'banja Ohromonadovye - zosiyanasiyana maliseche mawonekedwe. maselo awo anaphimba kokha nembanemba cytoplasmic ndi limodzi kapena awiri michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana (wosiyana).

Rhode Ohromonas

Ndere wa mtundu uwu amangokhala ndi moyo mu neuston kapena madzi zomera. Pasanathe ambiri, amapezeka madzi brackish. mtundu uwu ukufanizidwa ndi selo limodzi lokha la golide mtundu, ndi awiri heteromorphic ndi geterokontnyh bakiteriya udzakhalire. Ohromonas - khungu chabe, anafunda kunja kwa nembanemba cytoplasmic. The cytoskeleton wapangidwa ndi microtubules oyenerera peripherally amathandiza teardrop mawonekedwe ake. Pa malo a chotero selo uli ndi phata. Wazunguliridwa ndi envelopu nyukiliya ongokhala nembanemba awiri.

Mbale chromatophores (pali awiri) ndi ophatikizidwa kukula, amene ali pano pakati pa nembanemba wa envelopu nyukiliya. The ultrastructure wa iwo Ndi mmene dipatimenti kumene iwo ali. Major hrizolaminarinom ndi vacuole ili pa kumbuyo kwa selo. mitochondria ndi anamwazikana mkati cytoplasm ndi, golgi zida ali kutsogolo chotero selo. Kuchokera kumalekezero ake kutsogolo achoke michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Awiri a iwo, iwo sali kutalika.

G. Buck kuphunzira chiyambi mastigonemes ndi dongosolo zabwino Ochromonas danica (golide algae). Photos ndi maina kuthandiza muzione amenewa kapena mitundu ya zamoyo. Mu chithunzi pamwambapa - algae Ochromonas danica. mtundu n'zosavuta kudziwa zimene mphamvu ya mastigonemes lapansi. chakuti maselo yake imodzi chidwi Mbali - n'zosavuta kutaya michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana awo, ndiyeno kachiwiri kupanga iwo. Timatha inu kufufuza nkhaniyo pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana ya kusinthika kwa zida za flagellar.

Rhode Mallomonas

ziwalo zake zambiri amakhala madzi zomera. mpikisano umenewu ndi olemera mu mitundu. Maselo oimira ake amasiyana mawonekedwe. Iwo anaphimba ndi bristles kapena mamba mamba silicified. Mallomonas caudata (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) - mmodzi wa mitundu waukulu pakati pa nthumwi za mtundu uwu. Pakuti anafotokoza ultrastructure zili bristles flakes ndi nkhani selo komanso limagwirira mapangidwe awo, kumasuka ndi mafunsidwe wotsatira foni pamwamba. Komabe, kafukufuku akadali ndi ochepa.

Mwachidule, longosolani michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana ya nthumwi ya mtundu Mallomonas monga M. caudata. Iwo anali awiri, koma kusiyana ndi wina mu maso kuwala kokha. bakiteriya udzakhalire uyu ali ndi dongosolo yachibadwa. Iye ali 2 mizere ya tsitsi-mastigonemes. Mu kuwala maso osiyana bakiteriya udzakhalire lachiwiri, limene mutuluka pang'ono mukachipinda. Mamba chivundikiro achibisa.

Rhode Sinura

mtundu uwu amakhala ndi madera ellipsoidal kapena ozungulira ongokhala maselo peyala woboola pakati. Pakati pa njuchi iwo kulumikiza malekezero kumbuyo, zina yaitali kwambiri. Kuchokera cytoplasmic Kakhungu kunja kwa chipinda atavala mamba silicified. mamba izi imakonzedwa spirally, iwo alipo imbricated. Ultrastructure ndi maonekedwe a mamba izi, komanso pa mallomonas ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu taxonomic. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi monga S. sphagnicola (onani chithunzi pamwambapa), tikambirana-gawo mtanda woyambira mbale ndi lathyathyathya i.e. ali ndi makulidwe yunifolomu. perforations Small kudutsa ake. Apical ali unakhuthala m'mphepete pa nsonga kutsogolo. Woyambira m'mphepete pamene wopindidwa. Iye wazunguliridwa ndi lamina woyambira, kupanga chinachake ngati bulaketi mu algae izi golide. mamembala ake ndi kukwera dzenje, akunga outwards. Iwo Ufumuyo pa mtunda m'mphepete kutsogolo kwa mbale. Ndi nthawi pa maziko ake.

Koma anthu ena a dipatimenti, monga fano algae, kapangidwe mamba pang'ono zovuta. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito makamaka kwa S. petersonii. Finely perforated pa lamina woyambira mu mtundu ndi lokwera medial (dzenje). Iye apical, mosasamala kapena zisonga. Kutsiriza icho mwina kudzalamulira m'mphepete kutsogolo mamba, motero simulating ndi kukwera. nthawi yaikulu ya ili mu lokwera medial mu gawo kutsogolo kwa izo. Mapeto woyambira mamba ndi akunga ngati horseshoe a. Iye amakapakapa thupi lake. Front ndi kumbuyo mamba amene kubisa thupi selo, ndi nthiti yopingasa, umene kuyambira lokwera medial. Kuwonjezera pa apakatikati yopingasa komanso ndi kotenga nthiti. Pamlingo selo si mosabisa, ndi kukondana, zikuoneka yekha zosiyana mapeto a msana. Mu S. sphagnicola (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) Mbiri ya mamba thupi kungakhale mu vesicles cytoplasmic, makamaka ili mozungulira pamwamba kunja kwa chloroplast, ngakhale kuti zingachitikenso pakati ndi vesicles ndi hrizolaminarinom.

Gulu Kok-kolitoforid

Golden algae mitundu ndi mayina amene timaphunzira achuluka. Pakati pawo ndi wapadera gulu - wophika-kolitoforid. nthumwi zake Mbali awo khalidwe. Pellicle iwo azungulira kunja coccoliths wosanjikiza zina (otchedwa wozungulira Mbali yokhala ngati corpuscles). Zikupezeka ntchofu, amene allocates ndi protoplast.

kalasi Gaptofitsievye

kalasi amusankha kwenikweni kapangidwe ka maselo monadic kuti ndi gaptonemoy pambali michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Kapangidwe ka kalasi zimenezi zimaphatikizapo madongosolo atatu zoopsa. Taganizirani mmodzi wa iwo.

The kuti primiezialnye

Iye nthawi yodziwika ndi awiri isomorphic ndi izokontnymi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana, komanso gaptonemoy yaitali. Ili kunja padziko plasmalemma maselo TACHIMATA kapena osakhala mineralized organic flake-coccoliths thupi (laimu), amene pamodzi kupanga kokkosferu padziko selo.

Mmodzi mwa mabanja a dongosolo - Prymnesiaceae. Monga mu madzi atsopano ndi nyanja lili zokhudza mtundu Hrizohromulina thereto. Chowulungika kapena ozungulira maselo ndi awiri yosalala michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana kutalika wofanana ndi gaptonemoy yokutidwa kunja nembanemba cytoplasmic yachinyengo si mineralized organic. Yotsirizira amakhala a mitundu iwiri. Iwo zosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ndi kapena kukula.

Mwachitsanzo, Chrysochromulina birgeri pali mitundu iwiri ya mamba imene kuphimba thupi lake. Akusiyana okha kukula. mamba awa wapangidwa ndi mbale chowulungika, kujambula chomwe chiri zozungulira zitunda. Palinso awiri protrusion chapakati operekedwa mu mawonekedwe a nyanga. Cell pamwamba pa Mitundu ina ataphimbidwa ndi mamba, amene morphologically osiyana, kapena zochepa zikuchepa. Mwachitsanzo, lathyathyathya anamaliza mamba mkati mwa Ch. cyanophora ndi woonda concentric zitunda. Iwo alipo, kupanga bokosi mozungulira khola. Kawirikawiri kubisa ambiri mamba cylindrical, linali kunja.

Mitundu iwiri ya mamba palinso pa Ch. megacyiindra - yamphamvu imeneyi ndi mbale. zonenepa ndi wogawana anagawira mozungulira khola. Aliyense wa iwo zaikidwa kumapeto ake m'munsi woyambira mbale. Mbali ya zonenepa izi pafupifupi wokhudza mzake. Pansi iwo ndi masikelo msomali zingerengere, kupanga kuchuluka kwa zigawo.

mitundu itatu ya mamba anati mu Ch. chiton. makonzedwe awo amakhala ndi ikuluikulu sikisi popanda felemu ali padziko wina, lalikulu ndi mkombero wa. The mipata pakati pa iwo ali odzazidwa flakes ambiri ang'ono.

Pomaliza, tione mwachidule pa banja lina.

banja Kokkolitoforidovye

Ndizo makamaka zamoyo zam'madzi. Kupatulapo ndi hymenomonas - mtundu wamadzi watsopano. Maselo a Monadic a nthumwi a banja ili ali ndi zizindikiro ziwiri zofanana. Haptonemia mwa iwo nthawi zambiri amawonekeratu mokwanira. Komabe, mu coccolithothorids zingapo, zikuwoneka kuti zachepetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, sizikuwonetsedwa ku N. coronate.

Maselo a oyimilira a banja lino samasiyana mosiyana ndi ena a ena omwe amachititsa chidwi. Iwo ali ndi phokoso, komanso ma chloroplasts, omwe ali pozungulira ndi endoplasmic reticulum. Iwo ali ndi tritylakoidnye lamellae, opanda lamellae ozungulira. Mu selo muli pyrenoid. Matenda a thylakoids anawoloka. Komanso palinso mitochondria, zipangizo za Golgi , ndi zina zotero. Zomwe zili ndi chivundikiro cha selo, zili kunja kwa memphane. Kokkolity - mamba, opangidwa ndi carbonate, yomwe imaphatikizapo. Kokkolity pamodzi amapanga coccosphere kuzungulira selo. Mitundu ina ili ndi magawo osakaniza mineralized pambali pawo.

Kokkolity ndi kulemba choko

Chiyambi cha choko cholembera, chodziwika kwa tonsefe, n'chosangalatsa kwambiri. Mukayang'aniridwa ndi makina osakanikirana, ngati simukukulitsa chithunzichi, ofufuza kawirikawiri amawona zipolopolo za foraminifera. Komabe, ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu, mbale zingapo zosaoneka ndi zosiyana zimapezeka. Phindu lawo siliposa 10 μm. Ndiyi mbale yomwe ndi coccoliths, yomwe ili ndi chigawo cha algae coccolithophoride. Kugwiritsira ntchito microscope ya electron inalola asayansi kutsimikizira kuti coccolites ndi zidutswa zawo zimakhala ndi choko 95%. Mapangidwe awa okondweretsedwawa pakalipano akuphunziridwa kuchokera kumalo openya a ultrastructure. Kuphatikiza apo, asayansi anafufuza zobadwa zawo.

Kotero, tapenda mwachidule Dipatimenti ya Algae ya Golden. Maphunziro ndi anthu omwe amamuyimira adadziwika ndi ife. Inde, tinangoyankhula za mitundu ina, koma izi ndi zokwanira kuti tidziwe za dipatimenti yomwe imatikonda. Tsopano mukhoza kuyankha funsoli: "Algae ndi golide - ndi chiyani?"