Ya ndulu: zikuchokera ndi katundu. The mankhwala zikuchokera ya ndulu

Ya ndulu - mankhwala a ntchito za hepatocytes (chiwindi maselo). maphunziro osiyanasiyana akusonyeza kuti popanda nawo ya ndulu mu chimbudzi chakudya sangakhale ntchito bwinobwino pa mundawo m'mimba. Matenda zimachitika osati m'mimba ndondomeko komanso kagayidwe, ngati wonongeka amapezeka mu chiphunzitso kapena amasintha kapangidwe kake.

Kodi ya ndulu?

Izi madzi m'mimba, omwe amapangidwa ndi chiwindi. Izo ntchito kamodzi kapena waikamo mu ndulu. Zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha mbali ziwiri zofunika kwa madzi biologically yogwira. iye:

• Amathandiza chimbudzi kunyama ndi mayamwidwe awo mu intestine ya;
• Pamafunika muli ku magazi.

thupi katundu

Ya ndulu wolemera anthu chikasu mtundu, amene akupita mu bulauni Kamaoneka (chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nsalu). Ndi mandala, kapena zochepa viscous malinga ndi kutalika kwa zogona nthawi mu ndulu ya. Iwo ali wamphamvu owawa kukoma, fungo, ndipo patapita kukhala mu ndulu ndi zamchere. kulemera yake yeniyeni pafupifupi 1005 mu ducts ya ndulu, koma akhoza 1030 patapita kukhala yaitali mu chikhodzodzo ndulu, mogwirizana ndi Kuwonjezera ena zigawo za ntchofu.

zigawo

Ya ndulu, lomwe dongosolo analemba ndi zipangizo zotsatirazi: madzi (85%), salt ya ndulu (10%), ntchofu ndi inki (3%), mafuta (1%), salt zochita kupanga (0,7%) ndi mafuta m'thupi (0,3%) kusungidwa mu chikhodzodzo ndulu ndi pambuyo chakudya m'ng'anjo intestine yaing'ono kudzera ya ndulu ritsa.

Pali chiwindi ndi ndulu ya ndulu, zikuchokera n'chimodzimodzi, koma osiyana woipa. Pamene kuphunzira anazindikira zinthu zotsatirazi:

• madzi;
• ya ndulu zidulo ndi mchere awo;
• bilirubin;
• mafuta m'thupi;
• lecithin;
• sodium, potassium chlorine, calcium;
• bicarbonates.

Nthawi zina 6 kuphatikizapo ndulu ya ndulu zidulo ya ndulu kuposa mu chiwindi.

zidulo ya ndulu

The zikuchokera ya ndulu mankhwala makamaka umaimiridwa ndi zidulo ya ndulu. Kaphatikizidwe izi zipangizo ndi akafuna catabolism wa mafuta mu nyama ndi munthu. Ena mwa michere zinakhalira mu chitukuko zidulo ya ndulu, zikugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana maselo m'thupi, koma chiwindi - ndi chiwalo omwe ali ndi kusinthika kotheratu. Ya ndulu zidulo (kaphatikizidwe awo) ndi imodzi mwa njira wamphamvu kwa excretion wa yambiri mafuta.

Komabe, excretion wa mafuta m'thupi monga asidi ya ndulu sikokwanira kwathunthu n'chongoletsa athandizira owonjezera chakudya chake. Ngakhale mapangidwe zinthu zimenezi ndi njira mafuta catabolism, mankhwala awa zili zofunikira mu solubilization wa mafuta m'thupi, lipids, mafuta-sungunuka mavitamini ndi zinthu zina zofunika, motero mutsogolo yobereka awo chiwindi. The lonse mapangidwe mkombero zidulo ya ndulu kumafuna 17 michere payekha. Ambiri ya ndulu asidi metabolites ndi cytotoxic wothandizira, kotero kaphatikizidwe awo ayenera mwamphamvu ankalamulira. Zolakwika zina chathu chofuna a kagayidwe chifukwa cha chibadwa zosalongosoka udindo kaphatikizidwe zidulo ya ndulu, imbaenda kulephera chiwindi kumayambiriro ubwana ndi wamkulu mwapang'onopang'ono neuropathy.

Kufufuza kwaposachedwa kwasonyeza kuti zidulo ya ndulu zimakhudzidwa lamulo la kagayidwe zake, malangizo zamadzimadzi kagayidwe ndi shuga kagayidwe ali ndi udindo kulamulira njira zosiyanasiyana mu kusinthika chiwindi, komanso zonse mowa mphamvu zonse.

ntchito zofunika

zinthu zosiyanasiyana muli ya ndulu. kapangidwe kake amenewa kuti alibe michere mu timadziti zina m'mimba kuchokera m'mimba. M'malo mwake, tichipeza makamaka salt ya ndulu ndi zidulo, zomwe zingakhale:

• Emulsify mafuta ndi kuswa iwo uko mu particles ang'onoang'ono.

• Kuthandiza thupi kuyamwa kuwonongedwa mankhwala a mafuta mu intestine lapansi. Salt zidulo ya ndulu kumumanga kuti lipids ndipo kenako odzipereka mu m'magazi.

China chofunika Ntchito ya ndulu ndi kuti lili anawononga maselo ofiira. Izi bilirubin, ndipo zambiri m'thupi ndi kuchotsa maselo akale ofiira a magazi, magazi kulemera. Ya ndulu komanso Amakweza mafuta owonjezera. Iwo osati ndi mankhwala kwa chiwindi katulutsidwe, komanso amasonyeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana poizoni.

Kodi ntchito?

Tanthauzo kapangidwe ya ndulu ntchito amawathandiza kuti akhale ngati surfactant, kuthandiza kuti emulsify mafuta mu chakudya chimodzimodzi monga sopo amasungunula mafuta. Ya ndulu salt ndi hydrophobic ndi mapeto hydrophilic. Atadziŵa madzi, wothira mafuta mu intestine yaing'ono, ya ndulu salt kudziunjikira padziko dontho mafuta ndi kumumanga onse madzi ndi mafuta mamolekyulu. Zimenezi pamwamba m'dera la mafuta, kupereka mwayi waukulu pancreatic michere kuti kuphwanya mafuta. Popeza ya ndulu kumawonjezera mayamwidwe mafuta, zimathandiza mu mayamwidwe amino zidulo, mafuta m'thupi, calcium ndi mavitamini mafuta-sungunuka monga D, E, K ndi A.

Zamchere ya ndulu zidulo amathanso n'chongoletsa ndi muyeso matumbo asidi pamaso Lifikira ileum ku mapeto gawo za m'mimba yaing'ono. The salt zidulo ya ndulu adzalandira zotsatira bactericidal, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa ambiri amene akhoza kupezeka mu chakudya lilinkudza.

ya ndulu

chiwindi maselo (hepatocytes) kubala ya ndulu, amene amasonkhana ndi amalowa ya ndulu ritsa. Kuchokera kumeneko umapita ku wa intestine kakang'ono ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba bwanji mafuta kapena amasonkhana chikhodzodzo.

Chiwindi umabala kwa 600 ml ya 1 lita ya ndulu kwa maola 24. Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa kusintha ya ndulu pamene umadutsa ndi ducts ya ndulu. Mucous formations izi amatulutsa madzi ndi sodium wochuluka bicarbonate, potero diluting ndi katulutsidwe kwa chiwindi. Izi zosakaniza zina kuthandiza n'chongoletsa asidi m'mimba, omwe igwera mu ndi duodenum ndi chakudya pang'ono m'mimba (chyme) kuchokera m'mimba.

yosungirako ya ndulu

Chiwindi amatulutsa ya ndulu mosalekeza: mpaka 1 lita imodzi pa maola 24 okha, koma ambiri a iwo amasungidwa ndi accumulator - ndi chikhodzodzo ndulu. Thupi dzenje limafotokoza resorption ake ndi madzi, sodium kolorayidi ndi electrolytes ena magazi. zigawo zina za mchere ya ndulu monga asidi cholic, mafuta m'thupi, lecithin, bilirubin ndi kukhala mu chikhodzodzo ndulu.

ndende

Ndulu ya ndulu limafotokoza chifukwa angathe kusunga ya ndulu mchere ndi slag ku madzi opangidwa ndi chiwindi. zigawo zikuluzikulu monga madzi, sodium, mankhwala enaake ndi electrolytes, kenako akakufunsani kudzera chikhodzodzo.

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zikuchokera ya ndulu anthu mu chikhodzodzo ndi chimodzimodzi mu chiwindi, koma nthawi 5-20 wambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa ndulu ya ndulu Amakhala makamaka salt ya ndulu, bilirubin, mafuta m'thupi, lecithin, ndipo electrolytes ena pa kukhala mu thanki ndi odzipereka mu magazi.

ya ndulu

Patapita mphindi 20-30 atatha kudya pang'ono m'mimba chakudya akulowa duodenum 12 a chyme muzituluka. Kupezeka kwa chakudya, makamaka mafuta m'mimba ndi duodenum kumapangitsa munthu ndulu kuti mgwirizano, umene uli chifukwa zochita za cholecystokinin. Ndulu amatulutsa ya ndulu ndi relaxes sphincter wa Oddi, kusonyeza kuti amagwa duodenum ndi.

chingatilimbikitse china kuchepetsa wa chikhodzodzo ndulu - ndi zilakolako mitsempha kwa mitsempha vagus ndi enteric mantha dongosolo. Secretin, zomwe zimachititsa kuti munthu katulutsidwe wa kapamba, komanso kumawonjezera ya ndulu katulutsidwe. zotsatira zake zazikulu ndi kuonjezera katulutsidwe wa madzi ndi sodium wochuluka bicarbonate kuchokera ya ndulu ritsa mucosa. Izi njira bicarbonate pamodzi ndi bicarbonate pancreatic anafunika n'chongoletsa asidi m'mimba muzituluka m'matumbo.

Ya ndulu lili zosiyanasiyana zinthu - mapuloteni, amino zidulo, mavitamini, ndi ena ambiri.

Tikumbukenso kuti anthu osiyana ndi ndulu ali munthu Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera kuti ndi osiyana mu zili zidulo ya ndulu, ya ndulu inki ndi mafuta.

Tanthauzo matenda a

Popeza ya ndulu ndi mafuta indigestible ndi unaltered excreted ndi ndowe. Matenda amatchedwa steatorrhea. Ndowe m'malo khalidwe bulauni mtundu ndi utoto mtundu loyera kapena imvi ndipo mafuta. Steatorrhea kungachititse kuti akusowa zakudya: zidulo zofunika mafuta ndi mavitamini. Komanso, chakudya chimadutsa wa intestine yaing'ono (amene nthawi zambiri amachititsa mayamwidwe mafuta chakudya) ndi kumasintha nyama matumbo. Muyenera kudziwa kuti m'mimba zimachokeradi njira ya processing wa mafuta, imbaenda ku mavuto osiyanasiyana.

The zikuchokera ya ndulu monga mafuta, nthawi zina tikaumbike ndi bilirubin, calcium, kupanga gallstones. concretions izi kawirikawiri kuchizidwa kuchotsa chikhodzodzo. Komabe, iwo nthawi zina zidzasungunuka mankhwala ndi kuwonjezeka woipa wa zidulo ena ya ndulu monga ursodeoxycholic ndi chenodeoxycholic.

Pa chopanda kanthu m'mimba (pambuyo mobwerezabwereza emesis, mwachitsanzo) mtundu emesis kungakhale zobiriwira kapena mdima chikasu, ndiponso kuwawidwa mtima. Izi ya ndulu. Zikuchokera masanzi zambiri wodzilemekeza ndi timadziti yachibadwa m'mimba kuchokera m'mimba. Mtundu wa ya ndulu nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi mtundu wa "udzu watsopano odulidwa", mosiyana ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu mmimba kuti kuyang'ana enaake achikasu kapena mdima chikasu. Ya ndulu angathe kulowa m'mimba mwa vavu chofooka, pamene mukumwa mankhwala ena ndi mowa kapena atamwa contractions amphamvu minofu ndi spasms wa duodenum ndi.

phunziro ya ndulu

osiyana cholinga njira akuyendayenda ya ndulu. Zikuchokera, quality, mtundu, kachulukidwe ndi acidity zigawo zosiyana kuweruza kuyan'anila mu kaphatikizidwe ndi zoyendera.