Zizindikiro za Topographic - zilembo za mapu

Pogwiritsa ntchito mapu a zinthu zakuthambo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'deralo, zizindikiro zolembera zolembera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi ndizithunzi zojambulidwa za kukula kwake, mawonekedwe ndi mtundu, zomwe sizikusiyana pa mapu a mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ichi ndichilembo cha mapu, popanda zomwe sizingatheke kuti tiphunzire kuyendayenda.

Zizindikiro zapamwamba zapamwamba zimasonyeza malo, kukula, mawonekedwe, kugwirizana kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za m'deralo, komanso zizindikiro zofunikira kwambiri komanso zowunikira. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha ziwonetsero zosonyeza, zimagawidwa kukhala zazikulu ndi zoonjezera. Yoyamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana zinthu zomwe miyeso yake imatha kudziwika kuchokera pa mapu (nyanja zazikulu, madera a m'midzi, nkhalango, etc.). Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zachiwiri, zakutchire, zochepa ndizosawonetsedwa pamapu a mapu (akasupe, nyumba za nsanja, zitsime ndi zina zambiri) zikuwonetsedwa.

Kuonjezera apo, zizindikiro zapadera za mapu a mapepala amagawidwe amagawidwa m'magawo anayi: malo, mzere, mfundo ndi kufotokozera.

Malo amasonyeza malo okhala, nkhalango, mathithi, nthaka yamchere ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala m'madera ambiri. Zizindikirozi zimakhala ndi zolemba ndi zofotokozera zomwe zimadzaza mikangano (izi zikhoza kukhala mtundu wachibadwidwe, kuthamanga kapena gulu la zithunzi zofanana). Chigawo chonsechi zizindikiro zambiri ndizokulu.

Zizindikiro zolembera zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsera misewu, mitsinje yaing'ono ndi mitsinje, maolivi a mafuta ndi mafuta, mauthenga ndi zinthu zina, zomwe kutalika kwake kumawonetsedwa pamlingo. Chigawo chapadera cha zizindikiro zenizeni ndizomwe zimagwirizanitsa mfundo zofanana, kukwera, kapena zina. Izi zikuphatikizapo malo ozungulira, omwe apangidwa kuti azisonyeza malo. Zowonjezereka zambiri zimakhala zolemba zina.

Zizindikiro zadontho ndizowonjezereka ndipo zimakonzedwa kuti ziwonetserane nyumba zomangamanga (milatho, mipingo, nsanja, nyumba zogona, magetsi), zitsime ndi zinthu zina.

Zizindikiro zofotokozera zolemba zowonjezera zimapereka chidziwitso chowonjezera pa zinthu zomwe ziyenera kulembedwa. Malangizo a mtsinjewu, maonekedwe a nkhalango, misewu ikuluikulu ndi madokolo, mayina a midzi, mapiri ndi mapiri, mitsinje, nyanja ndi zina zotere.

Kuti muwone kuwerenga, makapu amasindikizidwa mu mitundu, choncho fano la maloli lagawanika kukhala zinthu zosiyana. Mitundu ya zizindikiro zodziwika ndi zofanana pamapu a mamba onse ndipo, monga lamulo, zimagwirizana ndi mtundu weniweni wa zinthu m'nyengo yotentha. Pamapu onse, nyumba zosiyana, nyumba, misewu yowononga, mauthenga, malire, ndi zina zotero zimawonetsedwa mu zakuda. Brown akuwonetsera chitonthozo ndi makhalidwe ake, komanso mchenga ndi anthu omwe amatha. Buluu - mtundu wa madzi ndi zinthu zonse zotchedwa hydrographic, komanso zizindikiro zofanana. Mtundu wofiira umagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza malo a madzi, ndipo mtundu wobiriwira umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuimira zomera. Mphepete mwa maiko akuwonetsedwa ndi mtundu wa violet, misewu ya lalanje imakhala ndi misewu, madera a malo okhala ndi makina akuluakulu (kumtunda wa 1: 25000 ndi 1: 50000) ndi mizinda ya kukula kwakukulu (pa 1: 100000).

Kuwonetseratu kwathunthu kwa zinthu zakuthambo pamapu kumadalira maonekedwe a gawolo ndi pazosankhidwa. Mamapu akuluakulu amamveka bwino, amasonyeza zinthu (mwachitsanzo, nyumba), pomwe pa mapu ang'onoang'ono amaphatikizidwa kukhala amodzi (mwachitsanzo, malo kapena mzinda wonse).

Pomwe mwaphunzira kuwerenga zizindikiro za topographic, simungakhoze kuyenda bwinobwino pamtunda uliwonse, komanso gwiritsani ntchito mapu ngati chithandizo kuntchito, kuphunzira ndi zina zambiri zomwe mukuchita.