Aku Iran Plateau: chirengedwe malo, malo, zachilengedwe ndi mbali

Mapiri, tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino ndi driest ndi waukulu wa anthu Persian. Lathuli izo kuchokera kumbali zonse ndi mkulu, anakonza m'mizere angapo zitunda converging kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa, ndi kupanga Pamir ndi Chiameniya migwirizano yamasukulu mfundo.

Za malo a aku Iran Plateau, ndi peculiarities mpumulo wake, za nyama ndi zomera malo awa, komanso zina angapezeke m'nkhani ino.

Total mudziwe Geological

Geologically, ndi aku Iran yachonde - gawo limodzi la mbale Eurasian, amene cholizira pakati pa mbale Indian ndi Arabia mbale.

Apangidwe mapiri ndi interspersed ndi zigwa mabeseni intermountain. Depression pakati pa mapiri wodzazidwa strata yaikulu clastic unconsolidated zinthu zomwe ali kumeneko ku mapiri ozungulira. Madera wotsikitsitsa cavities inayake anali m'manja mwa nyanja, akhala adzauma ndipo anasiya strata lalikulu gypsum ndi mchere.

Udindo Hrs wa yachonde aku Iran

Iran - malo okwera yaikulu ya kamenyedwe dera Near East. Ndipo ambiri a iwo ili mkati Iran ndi Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, chimatilowetsa kuchokera kummawa.

Mbali kumpoto chimafika kum'mwera kwa Turkmenistan, ndi kum'mwera ndi Iraq imagwira. expanses Large akutenga Plateau aku Iran. ndondomeko zake: 12.533333 ° - kumpoto 41.385556 ° - Longitude.

mitunda

Pakuti anafotokoza Plateau khalidwe kulowezana kwa phiri zitunda zathyathyathya chachikulu ndi otsika kwa m'mapiri, nyengo ndi wouma ndi kufalikira kwa theka chipululu ndi m'chipululu malo. Msampha wa mapiri ili m'madera malire, ali m'mimba lamkati la zitunda zathyathyathya otsika kunama. Yotsirizira mulinso pang'ono mkati m'deralo.

Izi akutali mapiri converge mu mapiri Chiameniya (mu kumpoto) ndi Pamir (mu kumpoto chakum'mawa), kupanga yaikulu malo phiri. Ndipo mu osiyanasiyana unyolo zomwe zili m'mbali kutali mzake, ndipo madera therebetween ndi matendawa, ambiri, mapiri ndi zitunda zathyathyathya.

Chiyambi cha dzina la okwera

Aku Iran yachonde ndi dera lalikulu, amene m'dera pafupifupi miliyoni 2,7 lalikulu mapazi. makilomita, ndi m'litali ndi kumadzulo kwa makilomita 2,500 kum'mawa, kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera - 1500 Km. Mbali yaikulu kwambiri ya izo lili m'dera la Iran (pamatenga pafupifupi 2/3 a m'dera), mogwirizana ndi amene ali ndi dzina la mapiri. Ena a gawo chimakwirira madera ena a Afghanistan ndi Pakistan.

Makamaka mumzinda ake kumpoto kwagona mu Chitekimeni-Khorasan Mountains (mbali ya Kopet Dag mapiri), ndi mbali ya kumadzulo ya izo - pa madera aku Iraq.

mpumulo

m'gawo yaikulu ali wotanganidwa aku Iran Plateau. The chimbuzi a ilo liri mu malo ake mkati.

Pafupifupi dongosolo lonse la madera kum'mwera mmphepete ali ndi khalidwe, pafupifupi mbali yomweyo ya mtunda ndi nyumba. Phiri muli ndi pafupifupi kutalika yemweyo (kuchokera mamita 1500 2500) ndi yekhayo mu gawo chapakati (Zagros) kufika msinkhu wa zoposa 4000 m.

Zitunda ndi kufanana phiri unyolo, apangidwe ndi apangidwe Cainozoic Mesozoic miyala, pakati limene maganizo lonse (kutalika mamita 1,500 2,000).

Taonanso pano m'zigwa zambiri, crosswise, koma iwo ali ntsanga ndi yopapatiza, kuti kuli kovuta kupeza. Koma pali transversal m'chigwa onse ndi womasuka, kudzera njira ya kulankhulana wina ndi mzake mwa nyanja ndipo hinterland yachonde.

The gawo lamkati la okwera bwino njanjira ndi arcs phiri. Elbrus lili Arc kumpoto ndi Damavand kuphulika (kutalika kwake ndi 5604 m). Komanso pano ndi Chitekimeni-Khorasan mapiri (kuphatikizapo Kopet Dagh), Paropamiz, Hindu Kusaya n'kumuika (Tirich Mir kutalika kwake chinali pamwamba pa 7690 mamita - pachimake pamwamba pa chikweza aku Iran).
Ena mwa ambiri nsonga chapamwamba okwera anapanga ndi mapiri zinatha ndi kuvunda.

Mchere aku Iran yachonde

Maminolo nkhokwe okwera pang'ono kuphunzira ndi bwino ntchito, koma zikuoneka lalikulu kwambiri. Chuma chachikulu cha m'dera ndi mafuta, ambiri nkhokwe ali anaikira ndipo anayamba mu Iran (kum'mwera kumadzulo). madipoziti izi imakhudzana ndi Mesozoic ndi Miocene foothill kuchimwa (a Zagros). Komanso amadziwa kuti kuli nkhokwe hydrocarbon kumpoto kwa Iran, m'madera m'zigwa za South Caspian (Azerbaijan dera la Iran).

Aku Iran yachonde ali zakufa ake ndi khala (mu mabeseni a mapiri malire gawo kumpoto). Mumadziwika miyala ya kutsogolera, yamkuwa, yachitsulo, golide, nthaka ndi zina zotero. Kodi m'madera mkati ndi zitunda mmphepete mwa yachonde aku Iran, koma chitukuko akadali zonyozeka.

Ndipo salt nkhokwe yaikulu kwambiri: sodium, potaziyamu ndi Glauber. Mu mchere kum'mwera ali ndi zaka Mathanthwe ndi Ichitu mchere domes, n'kufika pamwamba. Pali madipoziti mchere ndi zina zambiri, ndipo komabe iwo waikamo m'mphepete mwa nyanja ambiri mchere mu zigawo chapakati cha okwera.

nyengo

Pafupifupi Plateau aku Iran ndi mkati woyendera nthambi subtropical. Mbali mkati, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, amacheza ndi mapiri. Kudziwa nyengo ya malo okwera aku Iran ndi zochititsa - dryness, kutentha m'chilimwe ndi kumtunda ake.

Chidule cha mvula imagwera mkati ndi Plateau mu dzinja ndi kasupe nyengo kutsogolo kumalo ozizira, limene zowononga therealong mpweya akulowa ku Atlantic. Chifukwa gawo lalikulu kwambiri intercepting chinyezi Mitandadza GVW mpweya ndi otsika m'madera amenewa.
Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa (. Deshte-Luti ndi etc.) analandira osachepera 100 mamilimita mvula pa chaka, otsetsereka kumadzulo - 500 mm, ndi kum'maŵa - osapitirira 300 mm. Only Caspian nyanja ndi Elbrus (otsetsereka ake kumpoto) kulandira mpaka 2 zikwi. MM mvula, zimene ziperekedwa mphepo kumpoto ku malo ya Caspian m'chilimwe. Mu malo awa pali chinyezi kwambiri, ndipo kunalibe ngakhale anthu wamba.

Aku Iran yachonde ali avareji July kutentha pa timapepala lalikulu la dziko - mkati 24 ° C. Pa malo m'zigwa, makamaka kum'mwera, izo kawirikawiri ukufika 32 ° C. Palinso kumadera chilimwe kutentha ukufika madigiri 40-50, omwe amagwirizana ndi mapangidwe mpweya otentha pa malo amenewa. Zima m'madera ambiri a m'deralo ndi kuzizira. Only South Caspian lowland (kwambiri kum'mwera) kumakhala January kutentha mu osiyanasiyana 11-15 ° C.

masamba dziko

Voliyumu ya mpweya, nthawi ndi nthawi ya mafunsidwe awo pa nthaka zomwe zili makamaka Kutanthauzira kukula iwo pa zomera achilengedwe. Aku Iran yachonde nkhalango zomwe zimachitikira yekha pa zinthu zina pa malo otsetsereka, mbali moyang'ana ku mphepo lonyowa.

Makamaka wandiweyani komanso olemera mu nkhalango zikuchokera broadleaf kukula pa otsika ya South Caspian ndi otsetsereka moyandikana wa Elbrus kuti okwera za 2000 m.

Ambiri amapezeka mitengo pano mgoza ndi ena ake mitundu, hornbeam, mumamera uchi dzombe Caspian, chitsulo ores (kuderako kwa South Caspian), masamba obiriwira bokosi mitengo. Zitsamba (m'tchire) - hawthorn, khangaza, maula. Kukwera zomera - zakutchire mpesa, Ivy, zakuda ndi clematis.

M'zigwa nkhalango interspersed ndi malo m'madambo, inamera mabango ndi sedges. midzi pafupi kuwonjezera minda, m'minda zipatso, minda mpunga (m'madera zambiri chinyezi).

Pa otsetsereka kum'mwera kwa Zagros kukula thundu, phulusa, mapulo, interspersed ndi mchisu, pistachios. nkhalango Pistachio ndi mtengo umene uli wokhawokha kumeneko, ndipo otsetsereka bwino yothiriridwa Chitekimeni-Khorasan mu mapiri Suleiman ndi Paropamiz. Kuchulutsa mpaka makamaka chogwidwa ndi zitsamba ndi wokongola ya m'mapiri meadows.

dziko la nyama

Aku Iran Plateau mbali ya zinyama ake zinthu zina Mediterranean, komanso m'madera oyandikana: Asia South Africa ndi.

Mu kumpoto, kunyumba kwa ena za zomera ku Central Asia. Komanso anthu awa nkhalango ya kumpoto, ngati nswala ndi zofiirira chimbalangondo, zikupezekera ndi ogwirira kotentha - akambuku ndi akambuku. Ndipo nguluwe moyo m'nkhalango m'madambo.
Mkati mwa mapiri, zigwa ake moyo nkhosa ndi mbuzi phiri, antelopes insa, amphaka zakutchire, ankhandwe ndi makoswe zosiyanasiyana. Mu madera a mongooses kum'mwera kudzakhalire ndi agwape.

A zosiyanasiyana kwambiri mbalame anapeza pokhala pao pawo mu malo awa, makamaka lacustrine ndi riverine m'nkhalango ndi zithaphwi: abakha, atsekwe, mphama, seagulls. Ndipo m'nkhalango ya nkhukutembo angapezeke m'madera akumakhalira chipululu - Jay, Ryabkov ndi ena Mbalame zodya nyama.

Pomaliza, ena mwa mavuto zomwe zili m'madera

Pafupifupi dera lonse akuvutika chifukwa chosowa madzi. Only ndi malo ochepa operekedwa ndi izo. Full-madzi mitsinje ikuyenda m'Nyanja Caspian, kudzachitika pokhapo kumpoto. Zambiri za mitsinje ya m'gawo la malo okwera aku Iran alibe otaya okhazikika ndi kudzadza ndi madzi okha pamene mvula kapena yamvumbi.

Mbali ya mitsinje malire awo chapamwamba ndi zonse madzi kutuluka, ndipo iwo ali ndithu nthawi yaitali youma malire awo pakati ndi kutsikira. Mu Gulf (Gulf wa Oman ndi Persian) amagwa mitsinje angapo ang'onoang'ono. Chochuluka cha mitsinje ya kumapiri (kuphatikizapo waukulu Helmand, m'litali - 1000 km) wa mabeseni a ngalande mkati, iwo agwere mu nyanja mchere kapena kukathera ku m'madambo mchere kapena zithaphwi wa zigwa. udindo wawo si lalikulu: unnavigable, pafupifupi si magwero a mphamvu.

Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito madzi awa ulimi wothirira. M'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi ku madera pa kuchoka ku otentha madzi kwambiri oases wobiriwira.