Amene anatulukira pamalo, ndipo liti?

Chikepe - chidali chifuniro lapadera lomwe tsopano anasangalala kwambiri anthu onse padziko lapansi. chipangizo ichi zochotsa litakhazi- kwambiri unakhazikitsidwa mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kwambiri kuti anthu ambiri musaganizire amene anatulukira pamalo, ndipo pamene. M'nkhaniyi tiona kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za izo.

Amene woyamba anatulukira pamalo, ndipo pamene icho chinachitika?

Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, tiyenera kubwerera ku Ancient Rome. Kumeneko, m'tauni ya Hekuleniya, anaonekera zinachitika loyamba ndichikepe. Popeza mzinda ili pa phazi la Vesuvius, posakhalitsa anavutitsidwapo ndi phirilo. Pa ntchito yomanga ya ofukula nyumba amene kupidziwa amene anatulukira pamalo tinapeza mfundo bwino anasunga a m'mwamba, amene ntchito kuchotsa yomalizidwa mbale ku khitchini ndi chipinda chodyera. zinthu zopezeka pachibwenzi 79 chaka N. e. Inali nthawi imeneyi ndi Vesuvius linaphulika.

Komabe, ena amanena pali zolembedwa za kale chisanadze zithunzi za chimakweza olembedwa. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wamanga ku Rome wotchedwa Vitruvius adalionetsera buku lake kuti analamula chitukuko cha kamangidwe wa pamalo Archimedes wa Surakusa. Madeti pamanja kuyambira chaka 236 BC. e.

France

Mu 1743 Palace la Versailles Louis XV anamanga Nyamulani anthu. chipangizo analengedwera kwa cholinga chimodzi chokha mfumu akanakhoza kukhala popanda khama kukwera kwa nyumba pamwamba, kumene mbuye wake ankakhala.

Amene anatulukira pamalo mu Russia?

Mu 1795, ku St. Petersburg, mu makonde a Zima Palace, izo zikanakhala zotheka kusunga mafuta bumpkin Bezborodko. The Chancellor anali mu zachilendo yekha kukwezedwa ndi chisangalalo. Patapita anatuluka kuti Bezborodko "anavula" mu "samopodomnom mpando" mu nyumba ya mfumu. Monga izo zinali zinachitika chipangizo, ndilo nkhani imeneyi.

Izi zikutipatsa funso lakuti yovomerezeka: "Ndani anatulukira pamalo mu Russia" Icho chinali chabwino zatsopano Ivan Kulibin. zochotsa ake limagwirira kuthamanga ndi mmodzi kapena awiri: kutsogolera wononga, amene anaikidwa vertically, sunthani mtedza wapadera, kukwera pa nsanja zashuga. chipangizo lino lakhala ankakonda chibwana atumiki nyumba yachifumu ndi akuluakulu a boma. Nyamulani Kulibina anali woyamba zonyamula chikepe, anamanga mu Russian Ufumu.

America ndi Britain

Mu 1800 monga pagalimoto kukweza oyamba ntchito injini nthunzi. Izo zinachitika mu America pa wina ndi mabomba, kumene ncho malasha. Mwamuna wake anazindikira msanga kuti ntchito injini nthunzi pa nthawi zingawonjezere liwiro nyamuka khala ndi kwambiri pa dzuwa la kupanga. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, nthawi ya opaleshoni msika wa zikepe. Kumbali chuma, ntchito chimakweza kukhala kopindulitsa. Kale mu 1835 ndi mabizinezi mafakitale England anayamba ntchito nthunzi katundu zikepe.

Nyamulani hayidiroliki

Koma zipangizo zatsopano anali mmodzi drawback kwambiri. Kunali kofunikira nthawi zonse kukhala ntchito injini nthunzi. Iwo sanalenge mavuto m'migodi, kumene ndichikepe ankagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse. Koma zikuluzikulu, kumene Nyamulani opaleshoni sporadically, pachifukwa ichi, pali zambiri mavuto. Ndipo m'nyumba musadandaule chimakweza pa nthunzi chifukwa phokoso lawo kwambiri. Part wa akayanjana mu 1845. American zatsopano Vilyam Tompson anatulukira koyamba hayidiroliki Nyamulani. kapangidwe komanso wake pano zovuta, monga chofunika kuthamanga gwero madzimadzi. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kachiwiri ntchito injini nthunzi. Only tsopano akhoza pabwino chosonyeza ku malo pamalo unsembe. madzi A yokha kudyetsedwa pansi kuthamanga kudutsa payipi a. Ngakhale mizinda yambiri kale ntchito centralized dongosolo madzi. Koma chifukwa zoipazi otsika alibe upambana 0,38 MPa, iwo osayenera kwa chimakweza Thompson.

kutukula kapangidwe

Mu 1851, William Armstrong (injiniya) anatulukira accumulator hayidiroliki. chipangizo Izi kuchuluka ndipo anapereka pansi nthawi zonse kuthamanga kotunga madzi yamphamvu ya. batire kapangidwe linali losavuta. A yamphamvu ofukula (plunger awiri - 40-45 masentimita) wachitsulo anathandiza bokosi wodzazidwa ndi miyala kapena miyala. Ndipotu riser ndi Armstrong nawo zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse enaake a pamalo ano hayidiroliki. Izi accumulator ndi multiplier, ndi hayidiroliki mtundu yamphamvu plunger. Akatswiri European anadziwotcha ntchito imodzi yokha. Iwo anaganiza kusintha kamangidwe ka chimakweza ndi plunger yamphamvu mwachindunji. Woyamba Nyamulani ngati anaonekera mu 1849 ku England. Icho chinakhazikitsidwa pa "Osmaston Manor." Koma pofika m'ma 60s ndi hayidiroliki Nyamulani zonyamula anayamba ntchito mahotela onse akuluakulu a England.

Safe mode zoyendera

Ndipo pano tafika pa yankho la funso "Ndani anatulukira pamalo m'zaka za m'ma 18?" Elisha manda Otis - kuti dzina injiniya lapansi. Zinali iye amene anabwera ndi Nyamulani otetezeka kwambiri padziko lonse. Pa moyo wake, American anasintha kwambiri za kudzinenera: anamanga ngolo, ntchito yocheka matabwa, anali wogwira ntchito, anatumikira fakitale mipando. Kumeneku n'kumene iye anafunsidwa kuti ndi Nyamulani kupulumutsa matabwa nsanja yachiwiri. Pamene akugwira ntchito imeneyi ndipo manda anabwera ndi chidali chifuniro chake.

Isanafike Otis chingwe ananamizira mwachindunji cockpit, ndipo anapereka Elisha ndi ndinapirira zitsulo mbale-masika. Mbali ya Nyamulani zatsopano njanji akonzedwa chikombole. Ngakhale tizivutika ndi chopanda kanthu nsanja masika yokha n'zosavuta okhala ndi unachitikira pakati pawo. Ngati chingwe mbidagwandwa kasupe ndi anaweramuka ndi zolinga zawo munakhala mu mano a njanji, osati kulola kugwa kanyumba. Aliyense anatulukira pamalo kwa Elisha, ndipo ngakhale sanathe ndimalota zoterozo zotetezera.

"Otis pamalo"

Posachedwa manda anatseguka kampani yake Otis chikepe. Sale angakwanitse iye anatcha chimakweza otetezeka kwambiri padziko lonse. Mu 1854, kuonjezera malonda mankhwala ake, Otis anatulukira gimmick. Ku New York, limodzi Nyumba za Ufumu wa chionetsero ndi mzikiti mkulu (mamita 12), anayambitsa aikidwa pakati pa zogwiriziza awiri kukweza nsanja. Pamwamba pa khoma lake linali wothandizira Otis ndi lupanga lalitali. Sam manda mu chipewa pamwamba ndi Tuxedo anali pa nsanja pakati pa mabokosi ndi mbiya. Pamene pamalo mwa injini ndi nthunzi anaimirira pamwamba, ndi Elisha timu wothandizira kukadula chingwe. Nsanja adagwa pansi, koma pambuyo angapo mamita kuchokera m'khutu zida winawake moto ndi mabasi ake. anawombera m'manja amene anatulukira pamalo. Elisha manda Otis anawomberedwa yamphamvu ndipo anagwada mbali zonse.

Nyamulani Zamagetsi

Patapita nthawi, ndi kumanga zikepe bwino. Mu 1887, A. Miles la America analandira setifiketi kwa hoist magetsi. Kamangidwe latsopano anali pakhomo loko dongosolo la wanga likhoza kulibe kuchokera pansi cockpit.

Mu 1889 godu Otis pamalo anasonkhanitsa Nyamulani woyamba wa mtundu uwu mu umodzi wa New York nyumba zosanja zitalizitali. Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi anapita kufala kwa chimakweza magetsi m'mizinda yonse ya dziko. Njira zinanso m'munda wa chimakweza nkhawa makamaka utumiki zokha ndi machitidwe kulamulira. Pakuti ntchito choyamba cha chimakweza chofunika ndodo zolimba (kulowa pa apansi pa lifter mu cockpit wa nthunzi injini injiniya). Koma ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XX izo anafunika yekha lifter wina ndi zamagetsi wina kwa migodi angapo mu nyumbayi. Pakuti katsala luso lina m'gulu kumayambiriro yunifolomu. Tsopano atavala lifter ake anakhala mwininkhani ogwira ntchito iliyonse hotelo pa nthawi imeneyo. Mu 1924, kampani "Otis pamalo" walenga dongosolo la chikepe foni ndi kukanikiza batani. Patapita zaka ziwiri, injiniya Houghton anatulukira zitseko basi. Anaonekera chipangizo adzakhala automate ndi zikepe ndipo kwambiri wosalira yokonza awo.

Pomaliza

Kotero, tsopano inu mukudziwa amene anatulukira pamalo, ndipo pamene. Ife kunachokera zamoyo pogwiritsa yakale masiku ano. Kodi yotsatira? Kodi Akatswiri kuona Nyamulani za m'tsogolo? Ndi ena kuti kudzakhala kusala kudya, basi ndi otetezeka. Ndipo mwina danga!