Amene ndi pamene anatulukira machesi masiku ano?

Machesi akhoza zimachitika chidali chifuniro zochepa zapitazi. Pamaso pa manja a anthu inadutsa machesi masiku ano unachitika zosiyanasiyana mipata, omwe wapanga zopereka zake kwambiri njira zinachokera nkhaniyi. Pamene iwo anatulukira machesi masiku ano? Amene iwo analenga? Kodi njira n'kudziwa bwanji? anatulukira kumene kufanizitsa kwa nthawi yoyamba? Ndipo kodi mfundo akadali amabisa nkhani?

Mtengo wa moto mu moyo wa munthu

Long popeza moto anapatsidwa kunyada kwa malo tsiku ndi tsiku. Iye anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwathu. Moto ndi mbali ya chilengedwe chonse. Kwa anthu akale, iye anali chodabwitsa ndi tanthauzo lake othandiza si n'komwe. Agiriki akale, mwachitsanzo, kusunga moto wopatulika mwa kupatsa anthu.

Koma chikhalidwe Sichinatsitsidwe anaima, ndipo moto osati kugwiritsa ntchito bwino, komanso kubala paokha. Zikomo kwa moto wowala wa kunyumba akhala ofunda chaka chonse, chakudya analandira kutentha mankhwala nakhala tastier mwachangu anayamba chitsulo yadothi, mkuwa, ndi golide ndi siliva. ziwiya koyamba ya dongo ndi zoumbaumba komanso kalipo moto.

Woyamba moto - ndichiyani?

Monga mukudziwa, moto unali woyamba ncho ndi mwamuna zaka zambiri zapitazo. Monga makolo athu anachita? Osavuta: kutenga zidutswa ziwiri za mtengo ndipo anayamba opaka iwo, mtengo mungu ndi fumbi usavutike kumlingo kuti kuyaka mowiriza amavutika.

M'malo mwa "mtengo" moto unatsika mwala. Ndi mphamvu opangidwa ndi chikhomo cha chitsulo kapena mkuwa pyrites la mwala. Ndiye iskrinki izi akayaka nkhani flammable, ndipo kunapezeka kuti wotchuka zitsulo - zopepuka mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi. Iwo likukhalira kuti mbandakucha kupangidwa pamaso machesi. Kusiyana anali akubadwa zaka zitatu.

Monga Agiriki akale ndi Aroma akadadziwa njira ina yopanga moto - ndi moganizira dzuŵa ndi mandala kapena kalilole concave.

Mu 1823, iye anapanga chipangizo watsopano - ndi incendiary chipangizo Deberayera. Mfundo ntchito inachokera pa mphamvu yake ntchito oxyhydrogen azinyadira pa kukhudzana ndi pulatinamu chofewa ngati siponji. Choncho onse chimodzimodzi pamene iwo anatulukira lero machesi? Tiyeni tione nkhani mwatsatanetsatane.

chopereka kuchedwa kwa atayamba ano machesi anadziwana ndi German wasayansi A. Gankvattsem. Ndiyamika nzeru wake machesi poyamba anawonekera ndi ❖ kuyanika sulfure amene akayaka chifukwa mikangano pa chidutswa cha phosphorous. Mawonekedwe a machesi awa anali wovuta kwambiri ndipo ankafuna kusintha othamanga.

Magwero a liwu lakuti "zikugwirizana"

Pamaso lodziwa amene anatulukira machesi, tiyeni tipeze tanthauzo la mfundo imeneyi ndi chiyambi chake.

Mawu "machesi" ali wokalamba Russian mizu. kuloŵedwa m'malo ndi mawu akuti "singano" - ndodo ndi mapeto wosongoka, ndi umagawanika.

Poyamba otchedwa masingano misomali, mtengo, cholinga chachikulu cha zomwe angagwirizanitse yekha wa nsapato.

Mbiri ya mapangidwe machesi masiku ano

Pamene machesi masiku ano kupangidwa - mfundo moot zokwanira. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mpaka theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za m'ma XIX, bungwe la International setifiketi malamulo sanali chotero, ndi patsinde zosiyanasiyana atulukira mankhwala anali mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya pa nthawi yomweyo.

Funso la amene anapanga machesi zambiri mandala. Mbiri ya maonekedwe awo kukhala chiyambi chake ku French sayansi K. L. Bertolle. kupeza zake zazikulu ndi mchere omwe ali kukhudzana ndi chidulo sulfuric amalimbikitsa amasulidwe ndalama yaikulu kutentha. Kenako kupezeka chinadzakhala maziko a ntchito za sayansi Jean Chancel, chifukwa imene ntchito anali anatulukira machesi choyamba - ndodo matabwa, nsonga ya zomwe TACHIMATA ndi osakaniza a mchere Berthollet, sulfure, shuga ndi chingamu. chipangizo otere akayaka chifukwa mutu imachepa kuti agwirizane asibesitosi impregnated zapatsogolo ndi moyikirapo sulfuric asidi.

machesi sulfure

inventor awo anali Dzhon Uoker. Iye anali wamng'ono anasintha zigawo za machesi mutu: bertoletova mchere + Chiarabu + antimony sulfide. Kuti azinyadira machesi zimenezi, molumikizana ndi asidi sulfuric sizinali zofunikira. Iwo anali timitengo youma poyatsira zomwe zinali zokwanira kuti akanthe padziko aliyense akhakula: TACHIMATA ndi emery pepala, grater, pansi galasi. machesi kutalika anali 91 cm, ndi phukusi awo anali pensulo wapadera, amene akhoza adzaikidwa zidutswa 100. Fungo la iwo unali wovuta. Iwo anali woyamba inakhazikitsa mu 1826.

phosphorous likufanana

chaka chimene anatulukira machesi phosphorous? Mwina ife kusonkhana maonekedwe awo kuyambira chaka cha 1831, pamene French sayansi Charles Soria anawonjezera kuti chisakanizo cha incendiary woyera phosphorous. Choncho, zigawo zikuluzikulu constituent anali machesi mutu Berthollet mchere, zomatira, woyera phosphorous. mikangano iliyonse zinali zokwanira kuti agwirizane bwino akayaka.

The drawback ndicho digiri yapamwamba ya moto chiopsezo. mumamva fungo - mmodzi wa kuipa machesi sulfure yathetsedwa. Koma iwo anali zovulaza thanzi chifukwa amasulidwe phosphorous nthunzi. Wogwila amakampani ndi mafakitale anali pansi ndi matenda aakulu. Poganizira otsiriza, mu 1906, kuletsa ntchito phosphorous monga mmodzi wa m'nyanjazi cha machesi.

Swedish machesi

mankhwala Swedish ndi china chirichonse kuposa machesi masiku ano. Chaka Kutulukira anadza pambuyo zaka 50 ndi nthawi pamene dziko anaona machesi woyamba kwambiri. M'malo phosphorous osakaniza incendiary linaloŵetsedwa wofiira phosphorous. A zikuchokera zofanana, zochokera zili zofiira phosphorous, ndipo ntchito kuphimba mbali pamwamba pa bokosi. Sunbathing machesi awa okha mogwirizana ndi phosphor TACHIMATA chidebe ake. Iwo sanena choopsa chilichonse kwa anthu thanzi ndipo fireproof. Mlengi wa machesi masiku ano amaona ku Sweden sayansi Johan Lundstrom.

Mu 1855 unachitikira ku Paris Mayiko chionetsero, kumene Swedish machesi wapatsidwa mphoto apamwamba. Patapita kanthawi, phosphorous zonse kuchotsedwa zikuluzikulu kusakaniza incendiary, pamwamba pa bokosi, iye anakhala mpaka lero.

Mu kupanga machesi masiku ano zambiri ntchito Aspen. The zikuchokera limapangidwa ndi incendiary misa sulfide sulfure, paraffins zitsulo, oxidants, manganese dioxide, zomatira, chitsulo okusayidi, galasi ufa. Mu kupanga zokutira kwa m'mbali mwa bokosi ntchito phosphorous wofiira, antimony sulfide, chitsulo okusayidi, manganese woipa, calcium carbonate.

Mudzakhala ndi chidwi!

Choyamba machesi chidebe sanali mukatoni, ndi zitsulo mabokosi-pachifuwa. Chizindikiro chinali, ndipo dzina Mlengi unamuthandiza pa sitampu, amene aikidwa pa chivindikiro kapena mbali za phukusi.

Woyamba machesi phosphorous akhoza azinyadira chifukwa kukhululukirana. Pamwamba mwamtheradi woyenera iliyonse: kwa zovala ndi kutsiriza ndi ma CD machesi.

Matchbox anapanga malinga ndi mfundo Russian boma, ali ndi kutalika ndendende 5 masentimita, choncho angagwiritsidwe ntchito molondola kuyeza zinthu.

machesi A kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati determinant ndi makhalidwe wonse wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene Tingaone kokha mu chithunzi a.

Indicators wa mphamvu ya zolowa yopanga machesi mu dziko makatoni 30 biliyoni chaka.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya machesi: gasi, chabwino, moto, alamu, ikukhudzana Zithunzi, munda, kusaka.

Malonda machesi mabokosi

Pamene iwo anatulukira machesi masiku ano, koma kenako anafika ntchito yogwira ma CD wapadera ndipo iwo - mabokosi. Angamvetse izi ndani kuti uwu ukhala mmodzi wa malonda zingamuthandize amasuntha nthawi imeneyo. Pa phukusi ngati ankafotokozedwa malonda. Woyamba wotsatsa malonda pa bokosi la machesi analengedwa mu America ndi Daimondi machesi Company mu 1895, amene analimbikitsa azithunzithunzi gululo Mendelson Opera Company. Pa mbali yapadziko lapansi ya bokosi linali chithunzi cha trombonist a. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, otsiriza yosala malonda matchbox pa nthawi, anagulitsidwa posachedwapa madola 25 chikwi.

Ganizo malonda pa matchbox ndi inalandiridwa ndi changu, ndipo ambiri anatengera mu malonda dera. Ndi ma CD zofanana touting ndi yofululira moŵa "Pabst" mu Milwaukee, Fodya Mfumu Duke, ndi kumatafuna chingamu Wrigley ndi kumatafuna chingamu. Kuyang'ana mwa bokosi, adapanga yodziwa nyenyezi otchuka dziko, mpikisanowo, ndi zina zotero. D.