Ancient kachisi. Zochitika za zomangamanga wakale

Ancient zomangamanga Greek ndi amodzi mwa nsonga za cholowa zaluso zina m'mbuyomu. Iye anaika maziko a zomangamanga European, luso la nyumba. Mbali yaikulu ndiyakuti mamangidwe a Greece ankavala apamaliro achipembedzo, ndipo analengedwa nsembe kwa milungu, kupereka mphatso ndi kugwira zochita misa pankhaniyi.

Nkhani nyumba luso olemba mbiri ya chitukuko wakale lagawidwa nthawi zisanu: chachikale chinkawavuta, Early Classic, Classic, Agiriki ndi ulamuliro wa Aroma. Kenako tikambirana aliyense wa iwo, komanso kachisi wotchuka anamanga Agiriki akale, mwatsatanetsatane.

chachikale chinkawavuta nthawi

Nthawi chachikale chinkawavuta nthawi: 7 a. BC. e. mpaka nthawi ya ku Atene Woika lamulo Solon ndi ndale (za 590 BC. e.). Patapita zaka 7-6. BC. e. Greece zomangamanga anasonyeza mbali zotsogola a anthu. Chifukwa cha polis Chigiriki inapita patsogolo kukula kwa mphamvu za demokalase, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kulimbana yomangika ya anthu ndi osankhika a olemekezeka. Nthawi imeneyi, kachisi amene inamangidwa mozungulirapo malamulo, anakhala nyumba zikuluzikulu pagulu - m'chipinda chotetezeka chuma ndi chuma ndi zikondwerero wowerengeka nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa cha kutsatira kulimbikira anapanga zinthu zazikulu za zomangamanga wakale - dongosolo (okhwima dongosolo yoonetsa malo ndi ubale wa mizati) ndi entablature (alipo).

Features a akachisi a nthawi chachikale chinkawavuta

Mu nthawi chachikale chinkawavuta wa nyumba wosazindikira nyengo Homer ananyamuka mtundu woyambirira wa miyala yomanga, otchedwa "Kachisi wa antah". Kumbali kutsogolo ali pakhonde panali, mbali makoma popangidwa ndi zolosera (Antes) ndi awiri akukumana makoma pakati. Kuti anthu makamaka anafotokoza Athens chuma ku Delphi (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) inamangidwa ndi Paris nsangalabwi. Akuti tsiku yomanga - zaka 510-480. BC. e. nyumbayo zakale ndi ankamangidwanso mu zaka 1903-1906.

Kenako panali m'malo mizati nyerere, ndipo panali latsopano wakale kachisi - prostyle. Iye anali ndi Kukhonde lotseguka. Komanso Kuwonjezera mizati anayi mbali ina, pafupi ndi khomo la chuma (amphiprostyle), chinali chiyambi pomanga otchedwa peripetra - kwathunthu lotseguka mbali zonse za kachisi. Ngakhale mitundu zayambika pa nthawi yomweyo, yotsirizira koma anakhala wamphamvu.

Iwo anali ndi chipinda chachikulu iliyonse nyumba - malo opatulika wakale wa kachisi (guwa) chimene munali ndi akulemekezedwa chosema kwa mulungu kapena wamkazi. Iwo ankatchedwa "nave".

Kumayambiriro Classic nthawi

Kumayambiriro nthawi yapamwamba, chimene chinafika kwa 590 mpaka 470 zaka. BC. e., zomangamanga yakale yoyendera pang'onopang'ono amamasula wotuluka mumaganiza yachilendo, kutchulidwa ku Egypt ndi Asia. Ngati kupenta ndi chosema, anthu chimodzi cha mawonetseredwe chidwi kwambiri anthu ndi chikhalidwe demokalase chakale Greece.

Anapangira akachisi omangidwa nthawi imeneyi, pali dongosolo okhwima ndi Kugwirizana wa ukulu ndi chiwerengero cha mizati, komanso mbali zina za nyumbayo. Zonsezi amapereka mamangidwe a oyambirira chakale nthawi mphamvu ndi kukongola. Anapanga mtundu watsopano wa mpingo - Doric amene walandira ambiri m'tsogolo.

akachisi zakale za ku Girisi oyambirira nthawi chakale: Hera ku Olympia, Apollo pa Delphi, Zeus ku Athens, Sitimayo inagunda Athena pa za. Aegina (onani chithunzi pamwambapa). N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Sicily ndi Italy, zipilala Wachinyamata nthawi zambiri, ndiye anali madera ake olemera Greek. Makamaka, Kachisi wa Poseidon pa Paestum. Musaiwale za cimodzi za zozizwa zisanu ndi ziwiri za dziko - Kachisi wa Artemi wa ku Efeso, amene anatenthedwa Gyrostat.

Kachisi wa Poseidon pa Paestum

zomangamanga Ichi chikudziwika chipilala Greek m'nthawi amatchedwanso kachisi Hera II. Mwinamwake, mwina ankaona wamphamvu kwambiri ndi amphamvu kumanga Doric zokhudzana 5 BC. e. Mu maonekedwe ake wowuma ndi yosavuta, anafotokoza mfundo za nkhondo amunamuna ya anthu kulamulidwa ndi Aperisiya achilendo. Iwo lidakalipobe kumtunda kwa mizati, ndi mkati ndi kunja ziwiri tiered zipilala, kukwera pa maziko olimba. Pamene akachisi zambiri wakale m'dera (poyamba Poseidon) inamangidwa zovuta kwambiri anajambulapo crystalline. Pamwamba wakhala ankachitira ndi wosanjikiza zonyalazo pulasitala. Pa zomangamanga, pali mfundo zonse. Katundu ali miyeso chidwi: mamita 60 yaitali ndi mamita 24 m'lifupi.

Kachisi wa Hera II ili mu Italy (40 kukafika kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Salerno). Tsopano ndi lotseguka kwa alendo. phangalo ndi ofunika 4 kapena 6 mumauro (zikuphatikizapo ulendo ku Archaeological Museum mu Paestum).

Kachisi wa Artemi wa ku Efeso

kachisi anazindikira kuti imodzi mwa zisanu ndi ziwiri zodabwitsa zinalili m'nthawi yakaleyo. Inkakhala pa dera la Tauni ya makono ya Selcuk (Turkey). Kumangidwa ndi zovuta ndiponso oopsa mbiri.

pa malo awa, nyumba yoyamba ndi ambiri wofuna anamangidwira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 6. BC. e., ndipo mu 356 izo anatentha Herostrat. Posakhalitsa, kachisi wakale anamanganso mooneka, koma m'nthawi ya lachitatu, kachiwiri zingawonongeka, nthawi iyi Goths. M'zaka za m'ma 4. opatulika woyamba anatseka ndipo kenako anagwetsa mogwirizana ndi ntchito za chipembedzo chatsopano - Christianity ndi lamulo ndi miyambo yachikunja ndi miyambo. Pamalo a mpingo ake, komanso anaima osati kale.

Malingana ndi nthano, Atemi udzayesedwa amapasa mlongo wa Apollo. Ankasamalira wa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi (nyama, zomera), anawasamalira ndi kuteteza. Sasiya chidwi chanu, iye ndi anthu, kupereka chisangalalo mu banja ndi madalitso a kubadwa kwa mwana. Mwambo wa mulungu ku Efeso wakhalapo kuyambira nthawi makedzana. Ulemu nzika anamanga kachisi wamkulu (kutalika 105 m, m'lifupi 52 m, kutalika kwa mizati 127 anaika m'mizere eyiti, wofanana 18 m). Iye anapereka ndalama ku Lydia mfumu. Yomanga zinachitikadi kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo nthawi zinasintha mapulani angapo. kachisi anamanga zoyera nsangalabwi, ndi fano la mulungu wamkazi lopangidwa ndi minyanga ya njovu ndiponso golide. Iye anali malonda ndi ndalama m'kati mwa mzinda, miyambo ndi yemweyo wachipembedzo. Kachisi wakale si wokwatibwa ndi akuluakulu a mzinda ndipo anali kwathunthu pansi pa ulamuliro wa pa koleji ya ansembe. Panopa, mmodzi yekha ankamangidwanso ndime Tingaone pa malo a kachisi. Mu Miniaturk Park (Turkey), inu mukhoza kuyang'ana pa chitsanzo cha m'kachisi (onani chithunzi pamwambapa).

nthawi chakale zomangamanga

Chakale nthawi, chimene chinafika kwa zaka 470 388. BC. e. - ichi ndi heyday a boma, nthawi ya demokalase ndi Nyamulani apamwamba. Mu Athens amisiri bwino akukhamukira lonse la Greece. Njira ya chitukuko cha zomangamanga ndi yogwirizana ndi dzina la ziboliboli wamkulu wa dziko wakale - Phidias. A wandale wotchuka ndi Pericles ali ndondomeko ya zikuluzikulu ndi dongosolo chitukuko wofuna ya Acropolis. Zinali motsogozedwa ndi Phidias mu theka lachiwiri la 5 m'ma BC. e. Icho chinali chimodzi mwa wofuna ntchito yomanga amene akamaliza panali wangwiro kamangidwe gulu loyimba, kutsogozedwa ndi - Parthenon. Acropolis wa Athens anali azigometsa ndi ziboliboli wa mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira ake.

Ambiri, Kamangidwe ka nthawi chakale anapitiriza kulamulira Doric kalembedwe akachisi. Komabe, kumakhala kosavuta kukhazikitsa bolder mu ndege gulu. Pang'onopang'ono anadzetsa ntchito amaayoni ndi Korinto kalembedwe. Mu Greece yokha, akachisi ali mfulu, kaso ndi kuwala. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa kufanana ndi zipangizo. Mapulani ntchito zoyera za nsangalabwi, n'kosavuta processing zabwino. Mmodzi wa zipilala chidwi kwambiri za nthawi imene Kachisi wa Theseus ili Athens. Izi ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha mmene kalembedwe Doric anali anasintha Attica.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Sicily akupitiriza kulamulira kalembedwe Doric, chodabwitsa nyumba m'patali.

Parthenon

Acropolis wa miyala Hill akuimira 156 mamita mu msinkhu ndi lathyathyathya pamwamba, ndi kutalika pafupifupi 300 mamita ndi m'lifupi mamita 170 Pano limatuluka waukulu chipilala yakale yoyendera zomangamanga -. Zazikulu Parthenon. kachisi laperekedwa kwa patroness chonsecho ya Attica ndi Athens makamaka namwali wamkazi Athena. Linamangidwa mu zaka 447-438. Callicrates wamanga polojekiti, analenga akale Greek wamanga Iktinos ndi kochulukira chokongoletsedwa kuyang'aniridwa wa ziboliboli Phidias. Tsopano kachisi ndi bwinja, amagwira pansi mkuntho.

Parthenon - ndi kachisi wakale, amene ali Doric peripetr ndi zinthu za kalembedwe amaayoni. Inkakhala pa masitepe atatu nsangalabwi ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 1.5 mamita kumbali zonse za kachisi atazunguliridwa ndi zipilala :. 8 mizati ya wapakamwa kwa nyumbayi ndi 17 mbali iliyonse.

Nkhani yomwe inamangidwa opatulika - pentiliysky nsangalabwi. Zomangamanga anali wouma, mwachitsanzo. E. popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mtondo kapena simenti kogwirizana.

Kachisi wa Zeu

Kachisi wa Olimpiki Zeus anali mmodzi wa ankaopedwa kwambiri ku Greece. Nyumba iyi imene ndi chitsanzo chenicheni cha dongosolo Doric, nayenso, wa nthawi zachikhalidwe. Kachisi anaika pa 52 Games Olympic, koma yomanga inatha yekha pakati pa zaka 472-456. BC. e. Mulimonsemo Phidias.

Iye ndi periptera tingachipeze powerenga ndi mizati 13 pamodzi nyumba ndi 6 - chifukwa m'lifupi. Kachisi anamanga anajambulapo coquina kwa Poros. Kapangidwe kutalika anafika 22 m, m'lifupi - 27 m, kutalika -. 64 mamita Information za maonekedwe anakhala kudzera 1875 yomanga ikuchitika pansi pa chitsogozo cha German katswiriyo E. Curtius. M'kachisi inali mmodzi wa zisanu ndi ziwiri zodabwitsa kwambiri za m'nthawi yakale - izo analengedwa ndi Phidias hrisoelefantinnaya fano la Zeu, amene kutalika kuposa 10 m.

Kachisi wa Zeu, pamodzi ndi ena ambiri mu Olympia anawonongedwa pa behest wa Mfumu Theodosius II, monga umboni wa chipembedzo chachikunja ndi miyambo. Zotsalira kupulumuka Pamapeto pake chinakwiliridwa mu makhalidwe a chivomezi 522 ndi 551 BC. e. zidutswa zakale za kachisi zasungidwa makamaka m'mabwinja Museum wa Olympia, ena - mu Paris Louvre.

Kachisi wa moto mulungu Hephaestus

Ancient kachisi nthawi yapamwamba, odzipatulira kwa Hephaestus anasunga poyerekeza ndi zina bwino. Linamangidwa mwina mu nthawi ya pakati pa zaka 449 ndi 415. BC. e. Opatulika akuimira yomanga Doric. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za katswiri wa zomangamanga sanakhale ndi moyo, mwina, anali katswiri wa zomangamanga yemweyo amene anali chinkhoswe mu erection za kachisi wa Ares mu msika pa Cape Sounion, ndi Nemesis mu Ramnunte.

Kapangidwe The silinawonongedwe pa mapangidwe Chikhristu. Komanso, kachisi ntchito ngati Mpingo Orthodox izo. St. George cha m'ma 17 kuti 1834. Kenaka, iye anali kupereka udindo wa chipilala dziko.

ulamuliro wa Chihelene

Mu nthawi kuchokera zaka 338 mpaka 180. BC. e. zomangamanga Greek wayamba kutaya ungwiro wake khalidwe la kukoma. Iye ali mchikakamizo cha zimamvekera ndi ulemerero, atagonjetsa kwa Greece ku East. Osema, amisiri ndi mapulani ndi nkhawa kwambiri nyumbayi bwino, ulemerero wake. Iwo kulikonse predilection kwa Korinto kalembedwe. Anamangapo khalidwe wamba wa nyumbayi - nyumba zachifumu, etc ...

Mumadziwika akachisi Greece chawo nthawi zoyenera Mbalame Athena (mu Tegea) Zeus (mu Nemea). Pali zambiri wamkulu ndi wapamwamba nyumba mu nthawi ino ku Asia Minor. Makamaka, kachisi wamkulu wa ku Mileto F. Didimskogo (onani chithunzi pamwambapa).

Roma nthawi

Kupanga A Great Ufumu kutha zapamwamba ndi demokalase Greek. Pa Girisi Greek luso zapita gawo lomaliza chitukuko. Kubwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa Roma, Greece anataya ukulu wake wakale, ndipo ntchito mapulani anali pafupifupi kwathunthu anasiya. Komabe, ojambula zithunzi anasonkhana mzinda wamuyaya, anabweretsa mwambo wa luso lake ndi chinathandiza beautification wa zomangamanga Roman. Nthawi imeneyi (zaka 180-90. BC. E.) Greek luso pafupifupi merges ndi Aroma.