Anthu a m'mayiko ena, kupatula Russia. Zitsanzo za Russia ndi m'mayiko ena a anthu dziko

Malinga ndi ziwerengero osiyanasiyana, amakhala za 5000 mitundu padziko lonse. Ambiri a iwo sali ochuluka. Mtundu akhoza kuwasiyanitsa osati chiwerengero cha oimira, komanso chinenero.

Chiwerengero cha Africa

chiwerengero chachikulu cha mafuko tikukhala mu dera la Africa. Poyerekeza ndi Black Africa anthu m'mayiko ena sali choncho zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Nigeria chiwerengero ukufika 250. yaikulu Nigeria mafuko - Chihausa, Chiyoruba, Chiigibo.

Okwana Africa ali pafupifupi 50 mitundu yosiyanasiyana. 24 mitundu imeneyi chifukwa cha anthu 86% ya chonse cha anthu a Black M'dziko. Komanso, gulu lililonse mitundu chilankhulo chawo. Only Arabic yotero. Chimenechi chimayankhulidwa ndi pafupifupi wachisanu a ku Africa.

The atsamunda m'mbuyomu

Africa ndi South America, amene mpaka posachedwapa ankalamulidwa ndi anthu a mayiko ena. The atsamunda zakale ali kulikonse. Kwa zaka zambiri colonizers European agwidwa chuma cha anthu a m'deralo masuku pamutu kwa kupindula nako. Kutha kwa dongosolo lino linayamba mu masiku pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. The chonse cha anthu a mu Black - za 250 miliyoni. Poyerekeza ndi anthu a m'mayiko ena izo zikuchitika mofulumira kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Gulu la anthu a Africa

anthu African anawagawa m'magulu potengera amayanjana chinenero. A nambala yaikulu zinenero African akhoza pamodzi mu gulu zimakhalira pachibale - mabanja. Banja limeneli chinenero adzaphatikizapo zinenero amene ali ndi mizu wamba. Onse pa kulalikira, pali lalikulu magulu angapo chinenero. Bantu ichi, Afro-muthu, Mande, Nilotic. Mwachitsanzo, mu Africa North anthu amoyo, amene kulankhula zilankhulo Afro-muthu. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo Cushitic ndi otchedwa Berber subgroup. M'chigawo chapakati cha Africa ndi kum'mwera zimapezeka ndi anthu, kulankhula chinenero cha gulu Bantu.

Only mu zaka VII-XI. mu Africa anali Aluya. anthu okhala m'dera la Sahara ndi Maghreb mu Kale kwambiri, olemba mbiri yakale ankatchedwa Libyans. Pamaso pa kugonjetsa Arab gawolo pansi, olankhula chinenero cha gulu otchedwa Berber. Asamuka pano mu XI m'ma mafuko Arab otchedwa Hilal ndi Sulaym kwambiri bwanji moyo wa Berbers m'deralo. Aaborijini anatengera Islam, anayamba kulima monga Aluya. Common anakhala woyendayendawu. Kawirikawiri anthu m'mayiko ena anaphatikizana pamlingo umene Aluya ndi Berbers tsopano. Pakati pa iwo ndi kovuta lembani mzere bwino. Komanso, ndondomeko kusakaniza magulu awiri mitundu ndi kuvutitsidwa kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma hafu lomaliza.

Poyerekeza zaka Asilavo mitundu gulu ndi anthu ena

Malinga ndi malipoti ena, boma la Kievan Lazaro anauka mu BC VI atumwi. e. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti boma Asilavo anatuluka mu njira wakale malonda amatchedwa "ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki" mu chaka 862, pamene ukulu otchuka Russian mafumu. Anthu ambiri amakonda kutalika mbiri zawo. Komabe, pali anthu amene "m'badwo" si chipeneko - Ndipotu, ali wamkulu kuposa wa Asilavo fuko. anthu akale a m'mayiko ena, kupatula Russia - ndi Armenia, Ayuda, Asuri, Basques, koysantsy.

Armenia - Haik chitukuko mfumu

Chiameniya ethnos imatengedwa wamng'ono pakati pa mitundu ina yakale. Komabe, mu mbiriyakale ya Armenia kwambiri unexplored. Mpaka mapeto a XIX azambiriyakale atumwi ankakhulupirira kuti mtundu Chiameniya ali chiyambi chake cha mfumu Ike, umene munthu yokutidwa ndi nthano. Ike woyamba anaganiza delimit malire a boma latsopano la pafupi ndi phiri la Ararati. Ine ndikukhulupirira kuti ali m'malo mwa mfumu Ike ndi kudzikonda Armenia - "mkulu".

Pakali pano, anatengera Baibulo osiyanasiyana magwero a Armenia. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti makolo awo - ntchentche ndi urumeytsy - asezare mu XII m'ma BC m'dera m'deralo. e., ngakhale pamaso boma Mhiti unakhazikitsidwa. Anthu a m'mayiko ena amene Armenia ankakhala m'dera - izo Urartu ndi Luvians. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti Chiameniya chiyambi mitundu ayenera anafuna mwa umboni wa Hurrian ufumu, anatenga dzina la Armagh-Shubiya.

Ayuda

Ayuda anali mtundu wina, amene mbiri amabwerera zaka. Zinsinsi kale Ayuda zosachepera mbiri ya ku Armenia. Kwa nthawi yaitali ankaganiza kuti mfundo za mtundu umenewu si mtundu, koma chipembedzo. Pakati pa mtsutso asayansi aukali zimene amachita ali - mmodzi wa mipatuko achipembedzo, dipatimenti ya wosanjikiza chikhalidwe, kapena mwinamwake anthu paokha. Malinga ndiwo chipembedzo chachiyuda - Chipangano Chakale - Ayuda ndi mbadwa za Abulahamu, amene anabwera kuchokera ku mzinda Mesopotamiya wa Uri.

Pamodzi ndi atate wake, Abrahamu atapita ku "dziko lolonjezedwa" - Kanani. Kenako, anatenga dziko la mafuko m'dera lapafupi, amene, malinga ndi nthano, anali ana a Nowa. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti Ayuda akubwerera ku II Zakachikwi BC. e. - ndiye iwo anapanga mu gulu osiyana mafuko Ayuda. Wapafupi "abale" a Ayuda chinenero ndiwo mafuko a Aamori, ndiponso ku Foinike.

Baibulo amakono amaganiza za chiyambi cha Ayuda

Si kale anaonekera chifukwa chitukuko cha sayansi ndi malingaliro atsopano pa chiyambi cha anthu a chiyuda. Asayansi anachita kusanthula majini a magulu atatu chachikulu cha mtundu wa Ayuda. Ashkenazi (tikukhala mu America ndi Europe) akhala ankafufuza, Mizrahim (okhala Middle East ndipo Africa North) ndi Sephardim (likukhala Iberia). Kunapezeka kuti magulu awa mitundu ndi chibadwa ofanana. Izi zikugwirizana anachokera ku nkhani yodziwika. Kutsiliza kukopedwa ndi asayansi - makolo a Ayuda poyamba ankakhala ku Mesopotamiya. Kupatukana zinachitika mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Nebukadinezara.

Zosangalatsa za Ayuda

Russia ndi m'mayiko ena a anthu mayiko ambiri olakwika ponena za Ayuda. Mmodzi wa ambiri ndi waukulu buku achipembedzo a Ayuda a Chipangano Chakale. Ndipotu buku loyera kwa iwo - ichi ndi Talmud. Chipembedzo cha Chiyuda ali nthambi zambiri - ndi chipembedzo cha malangizo, zisinthe, ndiwofatsa. Komabe, okhulupirira onse ntchito monga buku ndicho Talmud.

chiyambi Ayuda ochokera Hristoforu Kolumbu. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi makalata angapo. Sam kuyenda panyanja komanso zatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti ngwa anthu achiyuda. Kwa anthu a mayiko ena ndi ana kuphunzira za maulendo, Columbus anali ndi zolemba za panyanja. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu mizere woyamba akutchula za mbiri ya Kuchotsedwa kwa Ayuda ku Spain. Komanso, siginecha mu chifuniro cha Columbus Asayansi ena amakhulupirira anapanga m'Chiheberi.

anthu Asuri

Amene akalipo anthu akale a m'mayiko ena? mndandanda akupitiriza Asuri: anthu awa, mwinanso wakale kuposa Ayuda. Iwo anaonekera mwina mu IV-II Zakachikwi BC Ayuda tinachokera kwa anthu West Ayuda. Asuri anali anthu a Semites kumpoto. oimira yamakono ya Asuri fuko amadziona mbadwa za chitukuko chakale. Asayansi ena kusagwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi. Ena amakhulupirira kuti makolo a Asuri masiku ano Asiriya.

Chinese

Pali anthu m'mayiko ena, kupatula Russia, amene amasiyana zaka, ndipo chiwerengero cha owayimilira. Chimodzi mwa magulu amenewa ndi mafuko Chinese. Iwo amadzitcha "anthu a Han." Chinese amapanga pafupifupi 19% ya anthu okwana dziko. Chiyambi cha chitukuko, ankaona Han V-III Zakachikwi BC Midzi woyamba anamangidwa ku chigwa cha ku Yellow Mtsinje. Mapangidwe gulu Chinese mitundu anali kwambiri kufooketsedwa ndi anthu a m'mayiko ena. Lembani makamaka tichipeza oimira mtundu Mongoloid: ndi Tibetans, Indonesia, Thais. Iwo onse ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Koma masiku ano, ndi Chinese ndi ana mwachindunji za chitukuko chachikulu wa Han.

Basques

The Basques ndi zitsanzo za anthu a mayiko ena amene simuli chilengedwe chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Great resettlement wa anthu anayamba mu IV Zakachikwi BC tsopano gulu la zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi njira kulankhulana kwa pafupifupi onse Ulaya. The kuchotserapo ndi Basques - anachokera si mofanana ndi mmene anthu a mayiko ena. List, kuwonjezera Russia ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya, ndi zomwe ofufuza poyerekeza mtundu, monga Basques, ndi yaikulu. Komabe ofufuza anazindikira kuti Basques - anthu wakale, amene chinenero ndi zosagwirizana ndi aliyense wa gulu chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Mwina iwo zikuimira osiyana fuko 16 zikwi zapitazo, pa Paleolithic.

Koysantsy

Koma Basques - osati mtundu otsiriza a mayiko ena. List, kupatula Russia (kapena, zambiri ndendende, mafuko Asilavo), Ayuda Asuri, Chinese, Chibasiki ndipo akhoza wodzilemekeza ndi Khoisan. Asayansi amati koysantsy anaonekera 100 thous. Zaka zapitazo. Lalikulu mitundu gulu ngwa anthu African omwe amakamba za zachilendo 'kuwonekera' m'zinenero. Ndi koysantsam ndi anthu otchedwa ma Bushmen ndi Akafula.

Ofufuzawa anapeza kuti koysantsy woyamba anadzipatula kwa mtengo wamba anthu a dongosolo la 100 zikwi. Zaka zapitazo. M'mawu ena, izo zinachitika pamaso pa anthu atakhazikika ndi kontinenti Black padziko lonse. mtundu zaka 43 zikwi zapitazo koysantsev kakusintha kusintha kwina - iwo anawagawa mafuko a kumpoto ndi kum'mwera. Ena mwa mafuko Khoisan anapitiriza anachokera. Other wothira oyandikana mafuko Bantu. Majini kusanthula DNA koysantsev zikusonyeza kuti iwo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina. Iwo apeza majini amene ali ndi udindo kwa mkulu thupi kupirira chiopsezo dzuwa.