Bizinesi ku Russia. Development wa bizinesi ku Russia. bizinesi Kodi: tanthauzo la m'mbiri

Zinthu zikamera wa bizinesi ku Russia (dongosolo la zachuma, maziko a uli chuma payekha ndi ufulu wa ogwira) atangotha mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX. M'mayiko ena, anaonekera balamanthu. Zizindikiro za kubadwa dongosolo latsopano akhoza kunayamba Petrine nyengo, pamene Mwachitsanzo, m'migodi Urals Demidov, kuwonjezera serfs ndi thukuta ndi antchito wamba.

Komabe, palibe bizinesi sikunali kotheka mu Russia bola ngati dziko lalikulu, ndi bwino olemera, muukapolo wamba kumeneko. Kumasulidwa a m'mudzimo kapolo udindo poyerekezera ndi nzika, nakhala waukulu kukusonyeza ubale watsopano zachuma.

Mapeto a feudalism

serfdom Russian linathetsedwa Mfumu Alexander II mu 1861. wamba kale gulu la anthu ang'onoang'ono. The kusintha kwa bizinesi m'mudzi akhoza kuchitika pokhapokha pambuyo kulekana kwa anthu akumidzi pa bourgeoisie (kulaks) ndi proletariat (antchito). Zimenezi zinali mwachirengedwe, izo zimachitika m'mayiko onse. Koma bizinesi ku Russia ndi zonse zokhudzana ndi ndondomeko yake zikamera ndi mbali zambiri chosiyana. M'mudzi anali kuti muteteze m'midzi.

Malinga ndi mfundo za a Alexander Wachiwiri, wamba anayesedwa mwalamulo ufulu ndipo umapeza ufulu kukhala ndi katundu, utakhala zamanja ndi malonda, wotuluka, ndi zina zotero. D. Komabe, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chatsopano sakanakhoza kutenga malo usiku. Choncho, awa kusintha kwa 1861 anayamba kuoneka m'midzi cha anthu, amene anali maziko kugwira ntchito yokhudza malo limodzi. Osewera kulola kugawa ofanana pa ziwembu munthu olimapo ndi dongosolo atatu munda ku mbali imodzi zace anali katemela ndi yozizira, wachiwiri - kasupe, ndi wachitatu kumanzere ugonere.

stratification wa Amaya

Community equalized wamba ndi mabuleki a bizinesi ku Russia, ngakhale iye sanasiye izo. Part a m'mudzimo kwadzaoneni. wosanjikiza uyu anakhala wamba limodzi kavalo (kwa chuma zonse zofunika akavalo awiri). Izi proletarians kumidzi kulibe chifukwa zasungidwa kumbali. ammudzi sanalole kupita kwa anthu wamba mu mzinda ndipo sanawalole kugulitsa ziwembu, amene nawonso yokhala anali. Free de A jure udindo si zogwirizana ndi udindo wa de A facto.

Mu 1860, ntchentche. Pamene Russia analowa njira ya chitukuko capitalist, anthu am'dera afika anachedwa kusanduka chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwake ulimi chikhalidwe. Alimi mkati timu analibe ayambitse ndi kuyesera mzimu wawo entrepreneurial ndi wofuna kusintha ulimi. mlingo Compliance inali yovomerezeka ndi n'kofunika m'mudzimo ndiwofatsa. Izi wamba ndiye Russian anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi West, akhala kukhala mlimi-wazamalonda ndi retailing yake ndi malonda. m'mudzimo zoweta paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi anali collectivists, chifukwa ndani wa iwo N'zosavuta kufalitsa malingaliro kunachitika lamadyerero.

agrarian bizinesi

Kuyambira 1861 pa miyambo msika ayamba kumanganso mwininyumba chuma. Monga momwe zilili ndi anthu wamba, anayambapo ndondomeko kulekana pang'onopang'ono chilengedwe. Ngakhale ambiri inert ndi patsogolo nzika amadziwa awo kumvetsa zimene bizinesi. Khama pa mbiriyakale ya akuti kwenikweni zikuphatikizapo kutchulidwa ntchito aganyo. Komabe, mu kuchita, chotero kasinthidwe ali ndi cholinga amazikonda kwambiri, osati zinthu pachiyambi. Poyamba, pambuyo kusintha kwa nzika chuma iwo anali detentions awo osauka amene anatenga kuwombola ntchito zawo anausiya dziko.

Bizinesi ku Russia pang'onopang'ono mizu. Kumene anamasula wamba, akuguba ntchito ambuye kale, ntchito ndi ziweto zawo ndi zipangizo. Motero, nzika sanali capitalists m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu, chifukwa iwo sanali aganyali ulimi wa chilungamo. Ndiye migodi tinganene kuti kupitiriza kwa kufa ubale ang'onoang'ono.

Ulimi chitukuko cha bizinesi ku Russia lili mu kusintha kwa chachikale chinkawavuta kuti zosavuta kupanga zachilengedwe chofunika. Komabe, mu ndondomeko imeneyi n'zotheka kudziwa wakale makhalidwe ang'onoang'ono. Alimi amagulitsa yekha latsopano oipa katundu wake, zotsalira za wonyeketsa nokha. Capitalist chofunika ankaganiza ayi. mankhwala onse anali agulitsidwe, pamene zake chakudya wamba banja mu nkhani iyi, anagula likuvutika phindu lawo. Komabe, kale zaka khumi wake woyamba wa chitukuko cha bizinesi ku Russia kwachititsa kuwonjezeka kwa mkaka ndi masamba atsopano m'mizinda. Owazungulira anayamba kupanga maofesi atsopano horticulture payekha ndi ulimi nyama.

mafakitale zisinthe

An chifukwa zofunika, amene kwachititsa zikamera wa bizinesi ku Russia, anali kuphimba dziko mafakitale zisinthe. Iwo ankakolezera kulekana mwapang'onopang'ono alimi wamba. Pulogalamu craftwork ndi kupanga Chotsimikizika.

Pakuti mtundu khalidwe la makampani feudalism anali luso. Kukhala zinthu zatsopano chuma ndiponso umoyo wa misa, izo zakhala makampani kanyumba. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo anaonekera Ogulitsanso, amene chikugwirizana katundu ogula ndi opanga. ogula izi akubera amisiri ndi moyo likuvutika phindu malonda. Kenako anapanga wosanjikiza amalonda mafakitale.

. Mu 1860s, pamene Russia analowa njira ya chitukuko capitalist ndi kuyamba gawo loyamba ubale capitalist - mgwirizano. Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba ndondomeko zovuta kusintha kumenya ntchito m'minda ya makampani lolemera, amene kale kwa nthawi yaitali ntchito wotchipa yekha ndi disenfranchised ntchito angongole. Wamakono kumva eni kusowa chidwi. Industrialists analipira antchito otsika malipiro. Osauka kantchito ndinasintha radicalized proletariat.

makampani olowa katundu

Total bizinesi ku Russia m'zaka 19 wakhala mafunde angapo makampani mofulumira kuchira. Mbodzi wa iwo adabwerera mu 1890s. Mu zaka za kusintha pang'onopang'ono wa bungwe chuma kupanga ndi chitukuko cha luso kwachititsa kukula kwambiri a msika. Industrial bizinesi walowa gawo latsopano chitukuko, omwe anakhala munthu makampani ambiri olowa katundu. Manambala kukula zachuma mu m'ma XIX, zikuyendera. Mu 1890, ntchentche. Industrial linanena bungwe kawiri.

bizinesi iliyonse ndi mavuto, pamene likunyonyotsoka mu okhawo bizinesi ndi mabungwe otupa kuti eni zina dera zachuma. Mu ufumu Russia izo si bwino chinachitika, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha ndalama osiyanasiyana achilendo. Makamaka kwambiri ndalama zakunja zimapita ku zoyendera zitsulo, mafuta ndi makampani malasha. Izo zinali mu mochedwa XIX atumwi, alendo anazimitsa kulongosola ndalama, koma ngongole kale mukonda. zopereka zoterozo chifukwa phindu chachikulu ndi chilakolako cha amuna amalonda ndalama.

Tumizani ndi matanthauzo

Russia, sanakhale ndi zapamwamba capitalist dziko, analibe nthawi zisinthe kuyamba katundu Unyinji wa chilungamo. Chuma zoweta M'malo mwake, akulandira ndi kulowetsedwa wa maiko otukuka. Monga pa nthawi iyi mu Europe anapeza "likulu zochuluka 'amene anali kufunafuna ntchito zawo m'misika zingamuthandize yachilendo.

Zokwaniritsa kwa katundu likulu Russian si kumeneko. Iye zinasokoneza zotsala zambiri za feudalism, yaikulu atsamunda mabusa, ndi moperewera kupanga chitukuko. Ngati likulu ndipo anatengedwa, zinali makamaka mu mayiko a kummawa. Ichi chidachitika kupanga kapena mu mawonekedwe a ngongole. ndalama zambiri akhazikika Manchuria ndi China (pafupifupi mamiliyoni 750 rubles). Mbali otchuka chifukwa iwo anali zoyendera. About 600 miliyoni rubles anali padera mu Chinese East Railway.

Mu XX m'ma Russia mafakitale kupanga anali kale wachisanu yaikulu padziko lonse. Pankhaniyi, chuma zoweta anali woyamba mwa mawu a ntchito kukula. Chiyambi cha bizinesi ku Russia itatha, dziko tsopano mofulumira afotokozerane nawo mpikisano wa zotsogola. Ufumu anali ndi udindo waukulu mu mfundo za ulimi ndi ndende. mabizinezi ikuluikulu ndi malo a ntchito koposa theka la proletariat lonse.

mbali khalidwe

mbali kiyi wa bizinesi ku Russia akhoza kutchulidwa ndime zochepa. Ufumu ndi dziko la msika wamng'ono. Zopangapanga anayamba pano pasanafike m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya. Motero, mbali yaikulu ya mabizinezi makampani yamangidwa posachedwapa. zinthu izi zili ndi luso lamakono. Kwenikweni, makampani awa a makampani akuluakulu onse. Mu West, zinali zosiyana. makampani European anali ang'onoang'ono, ndi zipangizo - chosakhala bwino.

Ndi ndalama kwambiri yachilendo nthawi yoyamba ya bizinesi ku Russia anali yodziwika ndi kupambana katundu zoweta osati kunja. katundu okhonda kunja sanali ndakuwonetserani, koma mayikidwe a ndalama ankaona yapamwamba. Choncho, 1890s lapansi. m'mayiko a mayiko ena Russia anali pafupifupi hafu ya gawo likulu.

Inalimbikitsidwa kwambiri chitukuko cha mafakitale payekha chinathandiza pomanga Great Siberia Railway ku European Russia ku Pacific Ocean. polojekitiyi wakhala anthu, koma zinthu yaiwisi anagula kwa malonda iye. Trans-Siberia Railway m'tsogolo adzapereka madongosolo ambiri a alimi a malasha, zitsulo, ndi sitima. Pa chitsanzo cha khwalala unkagwiritsidwa monga mapangidwe bizinesi ku Russia walenga msika wa zosiyanasiyana mafakitale.

msika mkati

Pamodzi ndi kukula kwa kupanga ndi kukula kwa msika zinachitika. Zinthu zazikulu za Russian zitsulo wolowa shuga ndi mafuta (Russia kutulutsa pafupifupi theka la dziko yopanga mafuta). Massively kunja makina. Yafupika cholowa cha thonje kunja (chuma zoweta wayamba kuganizira zipangizo zake ku Central Asia yaiwisi).

Kutsitsa mkati msika dziko zinachitika mu malo kumene katunduyo chofunika kwambiri chinali ogwira ntchito. Yogawa watsopano ndalama anatembenuka mu mtima wa makampani ndi mizinda, komabe infringes zofuna za m'mudzi. Choncho, kenako madera ulimi kwanthawi mu chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma poyerekeza ndi malo mafakitale. A chimodzimodzi anali ankaikira M'mayiko ambiri achinyamata capitalist.

Development wa msika zoweta chinathandiza onse a sitima yomweyo. Mu 1861-1885 gg. makilomita 24 zikwi za njanji zinamangidwa, mlandu pafupifupi hafu ya m'litali mwa njira madzulo wa First World nkhondo. Chapakati zoyendera likulu anali Moscow. Kuti zikugwirizana m'madera onse a dziko lalikulu. Kumene, chotero udindo sangathe kufulumizitsa chitukuko chuma mzinda wachiwiri wa Russian Ufumu. Railway Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro facilitates pakati kulankhulana ndi mzinda. Pali latsopano yapakati-dera zikulumikizana malonda.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX, ulimi wa chakudya anakhalabe pa pafupifupi mlingo yomweyo, pamene makampani ambiri anayamba ndi kuchuluka mabuku kupanga. azimuth wina zosasangalatsa anali chisokonezo mu mitengo mu zoyendera njanji. kusintha awo chinachitika mu 1889. Zonse tariffs kubwera ku boma. Ndondomeko zatsopano kwambiri anathandiza chitukuko cha chuma capitalist ndi msika mkati.

zotsutsana

Mu 1880, ntchentche. Ndinayamba kukhala okhawo bizinesi ku Russia. mphukira yake yoyamba kuonekera mu makampani sitima. Mu 1882 anaonekera "Union njanji fakitale," ndipo mu 1884 -. "Union of opanga fasteners njanji" ndi "mafakitale mlatho nyumba Union"

Anapanga bourgeoisie mafakitale. Pakati ake anali amalonda lalikulu, alimi kale msonkho, zigawo anyantchoche. Ambiri a iwo analandira zolimbikitsa zinthu boma. The ogwira capitalist amagwira akhala amalonda nawo. Panali bourgeoisie Ayuda. Chifukwa cha wofooka, ena m'chigawo akutali m'dera kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya Russia anali tikulephera likulu wamalonda a.

Mu 1860, boma linakhazikitsa Bank State. Iye anakhala maziko yamphongo ya dongosolo ngongole, opanda imene mbiri ya bizinesi ku Russia. Iwo anakhudza kudzikundikira chuma kwa amalonda. Komabe, panali zinthu zimene kwambiri akulephera kuenjezera likulu. Mu 1860, ntchentche. Russia aona "thonje njala", mavuto a zachuma chinachitika mu 1873 ndi 1882. Koma ngakhale mitundu imeneyo sanasiye kudzikundikira.

Kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha bizinesi ndi makampani m'dzikoli, boma limakhudza kutenga njira ya mercantilism ndi protectionism. Chichewa anayerekezera Russian cha m'ma XIX, ndi France wa Louis XIV, kumene kuteteza zofuna za opanga zoweta analenganso zinthu zonse kukula kwa manufactures.

mapangidwe proletariat ndi

Aliyense zizindikiro za bizinesi ku Russia kuti alibe tanthauzo ngati dziko alibe kupanga gulu zonse kunachitika ntchito. The kutsogolera kwa mapangidwe ake anali mafakitale wa 1850-1880-ntchentche. The proletariat - gulu la okhwima anthu capitalist. magwero ake anali ndi mwambo wofunika kwambiri pa moyo chikhalidwe cha Russian Ufumu. Kubadwa kwa misa ntchito anasintha lonse ndale komanso cholinga cha dziko lalikulu.

Russian kusintha kwa feudalism kuti bizinesi, motero maonekedwe a proletariat anali aliwiro kwakukulu njira. Limatchula za moyo wawo, ndi zinthu zina zapadera chikanachitika chifukwa zotsala woyambawo anthu oteteza zachilengedwe, dongosolo Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira, landlordism ndi mfundo ndiwofatsa boma la tsarist.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1865 mpaka 1980, kukula kwa proletariat mu gawo fakitare ya chuma anakwana 65%, mu migodi - 107%, mu sitima za - ndi zosaneneka 686%. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, panali pafupifupi mamiliyoni 10 antchito. Popanda Khadili mapangidwe kalasi latsopano n'zosatheka kumvetsa zimene bizinesi. Khama la nkhani amatipatsa chiphunzitso youma, koma mawu achidule ndi manambala anali tsoka la mamiliyoni ndi mamiliyoni a anthu, zasintha njira ya moyo wake. Labor Kusamuka kwa misa lingamutsatire zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwambiri m'tawuni.

Antchito analiko Russia pamaso mafakitale. Iwo anali serfs amene ankagwira ntchito manufactories, ndi otchuka kwambiri omwe anali mabizinezi Ural. Komabe, ndiwo kukula anali proletariat latsopano anamasulidwa wamba. The ndondomeko ya kusintha kalasi ankakonda chopweteka. Antchito akadandaule losauka ndipo anagonjetsa wamba akavalo. The achire yaikulu wa m'mudzi unkachitika mu zigawo chapakati: Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Tver. Pasanathe zambiri, ndondomeko zimenezi zinakhudza kum'mwera zigawo steppe. Komanso kupatuka wamng'ono anali mu Belarus ndi Lithuania, ngakhale kuti pali kuchulukana agrarian. chododometsa china ndi madera mafakitale anafuna anthu ku dela la mzinda, osati kuchokera m'zigawo pafupi. Zinthu zambiri mapangidwe a proletariat mu dziko adalionetsera ntchito zake, Vladimir Lenin. "The Development wa bizinesi ku Russia", zoyenera phunziro, analowa kusindikiza mu 1899.

Low malipiro proletarians makamaka khalidwe la malonda ang'ono-ang'ono. Kumeneko kunachokera masuku pamutu kwambiri ankhanza antchito. Antchito ayesa kusintha zinthu yovuta mothandizidwa ndi retraining zovuta. Alimi chinkhoswe m'mafakitale ang'ono, kukhala kutali ogwira ntchito amene anapita kukagwira. Mwa izi mitundu Transitional chuma zinthu zinali zofala.

bizinesi zamakono

Russian siteji ya bizinesi, zokhudzana ndi nyengo ya mfumu, lero zitha kuwoneka ngati chinachake kutali ndi wamphamvu amakadula ku dziko ano. chifukwa panali October kuukira boma la 1917. Anabwera mphamvu, Bolsheviks anayamba kumanga sosholisimu ndi chikominisi. Bizinesi, ndi katundu wake payekha ndi ufulu ogwira ntchito kale.

Chitsitsimutso cha chuma msika wakhala zotheka pambuyo kugwa Soviet. Kusintha kuchokera wopita ku kupanga capitalist anali lakuthwa, mwini wake waukulu anakhala kukonza kaŵirikaŵiri mma 1990. Zinali iwo amene anamanga maziko a zachuma a Russian Federation ano.

analengeza mu mochedwa 1991. Pa kusintha kumsika. Mu December kunachitidwa mtengo liberalization, zinafuna hyperinflation. Kenako anayamba Voucher wamba, koyenera kuti kulanda boma chuma m'manja payekha. Mu January 1992, iye anapereka lamulo pa ufulu wochita malonda, lotseguka mwayi kwa malonda. Posachedwapa ruble Soviet chinathetsedwa, ndi Russian ndalama national anakumana ndi kusakhulupirika, kugwa kwa Inde ndi chipembedzo. Kudutsa mikuntho ya mma 1990., The dziko wamanga bizinesi yatsopano. Izo zinali mu moyo wakwawo wa anthu masiku ano Russian.