Mfumu yoyamba mu Russia - Ivan IV, dzina "KWAMBIRI"

Mfumu yoyamba mu Russia anabadwa mu Moscow, mu Kolomna. Panthawiyo, Moscow anali ochepa, ndi Russia chochepa. Komabe, khanda Yachifumu amadziwitsidwa ndi kusunga Mulungu. ubwana wake anali bata sizinachitike. Atetezi zaka zitatu mfumu - akalonga abale Shuiskys - analenga m'nyumba ya ulamuliro wa mantha kuti usiku uliwonse ndinali kuthokoza Mulungu kuti ali ndi moyo, osati poizoni, monga mayi, sanaphedwe monga mwana wamkulu, musati kuvunda mu ndende, monga amalume anga, osati kuzunzidwa wozunzikirapo angati pafupifupi bambo - Prince Vasily III.

Anthu ambiri ayesetsa kuwawononga woyamba Tsar mu Russia zinapulumuka! Ndipo pa zaka 16 ndi nkhonya zosayembekezereka kwa zolinga za Ankhondo a anali wokwatira ufumu! Ndithudi, nkumanena azambiriyakale, akuti wochenjera Metropolitan Macarius. Koma N'kutheka kuti iye anazindikira kuti dziko likusowa dzanja lamphamvu kuletsa infighting ndi increment gawo. Chipambane autocracy - mwambo wa chikhulupiriro Orthodox, Moscow - wolowa wa Constantinople. Kumene, lingaliro la ukwati matauni anali pafupi ndi momveka. Mfumu yoyamba mu Russia kunapezeka woona: ndipo boyars kulamulira, ndipo inachuluka m'gawo lake kwa zaka 50 cha ulamuliro - zana pa zana a madera a boma Russian awonjezera, ndi Russia wakhala kuposa onse a ku Ulaya.

mutu achifumu

Royal mutu Ivan (m'khutu) ntchito kwakukuru anaima pa maudindo osiyana kwambiri ndale ku Ulaya. Grand mutu likumasuliridwa kuti "kalonga" kapena "mfumu", ndipo ngakhale mfumu - ndi Mfumu!

Pambuyo coronation achibale a mfumu kwa mayi lakwaniritsa zabwino zambiri, chifukwa mu chiwembu kuti anasonyeza mnyamata Yohani, kwenikweni zinthu zokhudza ulamuliro wake. Autocracy - zatsopano, wovuta, amene Ivan anakwanitsa kuposa bwino.

kusintha

Ine ndikudabwa chifukwa mfumu yoyamba mu Russia - Yohane lachinayi? anachita pamene chithunzi ichi? Ndipo achedwa kwambiri Karamzin analemba "History wa State Russian" ndipo anayamba kuwerengetsa kuti Ivan Kalita. Ndipo pamene moyo mfumu yoyamba mu Russia ndipo ankatchedwa - Yohane Ine, dipuloma kuvomereza mpando wachifumu, kusungidwa chagolide wapadera bokosi lamaliro-likasa, nakhala mfumu yoyamba mu Russia pano pa ulamuliro umenewu.

Mfumu anaganizira centralization a boma, ikuchitika kusintha kumidzi ndi labial kusandulika asilikali, anatenga latsopano Code Chilamulo ndi Code wa Utumiki, msonkhano wa Assembly loyamba la Land ndipo anakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kulowa amalonda Ayuda. Pali malaya atsopano a manja ndi mphungu, monga Ivan Grozny - m'banja la Rurik. Ndipo osati iwo: kumbali akuchikazi wa umbuli kholo lake - mayi anga, agogo anga, ngakhalenso changa - kwambiri Sofya Paleolog, ndi heiress wa mafumu Byzantine. Pali m'modzi kukhala anzeru, odzikuza, olimbika pa ntchito. Ndipo achiwawa kwambiri, ndi mwa mmodzi. Koma, ndithudi, pa nthawi imeneyo, ndipo ngakhale chilengedwe nkhanza sizikanatheka kukanakhala pa masinthidwe kuti bwino kukhala mfumu koyamba mu Russia. Kusintha kwa asilikali - mawu ochepa, ndi mochuluka bwanji ndi iwo! Anaonekera 25000th asilikali strelets, amene anali kokha Adzapeleka zida ndi musket ndi nyundo ndi lupanga, ndipo kuichotsa munda! Komabe, wang'ambidwa chuma pang'onopang'ono oponya mivi. Panali zida zankhondo chiwerengero osachepera 2 zikwi mfuti. Ivan kowopsa ngakhale amadzinenera kusintha misonkho ya kudandaula kwambiri za Boyar Duma. Ndithudi, osati olemekezeka anayamba kung'ung'udza za siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la utumiki wawo. Anapukusa boma lachifumu kumlingo kuti anakakamizika maonekedwe a oprichnina lapansi. The asilikali anapanga ankhondo mpaka 6 zikwi, osati kuwerengera pafupifupi zikwi anadalira pa wapadera.

Mu mitsempha ya magazi pake, pamene mukuwerenga za mtengo ndi Kuphedwa kuti amaperekera ndi funde la dzanja la mwayekha lapansi. Koma osati Ivan m'khutu, ngakhale lero, mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti oprichnina si mwangozi kuchokera zikande. Boyars amayenera kulamulira! Komanso, zokwawa ku West a mpatuko kotero anagwedeza maziko a chikhulupiriro Orthodox, kuti mpando wachifumu anagwedezeka pamodzi ndi atakhala pa izo, ndipo mfumu ya a boma Russian. ubwenzi osokoneza kusanduka kuchokera autocracy ndi atsogoleri. Pamaso zongoganiza wokhulupirira mfumu mundilanda m'mayiko ena obisika ndipo pansi atsogoleri kupondereza. Metropolitan analetsedwa kupita malonda ndi zemshchina oprichnina. Pa nthawi yomweyo mfumu oprichnina Ivan anali abbot, ochita ntchito ambiri kumene kumakhala Amonke, ngakhale kwayala anaimba.

Novgorod ndi Kazan

Pamaso latsopano chaka 1570 oprichnina asilikali anasamukira ku msonkhano ndi Novgorod pa kukayikitsa cholinga kubweretsa Russia mfumu Polish. O, ulemerero wa asilikali a odzisangulutsa. Ankachitika wakubayu kuphedwa mu Tver, Klin, Torzhok ndi otsala mizinda free, kenako anawononga Pskov ndi Novgorod. Ndipo Tver Malyuta Skuratov khosi Metropolitan Philip madalitso a chakuti ntchito imeneyi wamagazi. Kwa mfumu ku muzu anawononga otchuka m'dera ndi clerks, tikhoza kunena akulimbana pamodzi ndi akazi awo, ana ndi banja. cholanda zinachitika kwa zaka mpaka anagwa Russia Crimea Khan Giray Divlet. Ndiko kumene bwanji kuchotsa achinyamata oprichnina asilikali! Koma asilikali a nkhondo chabe ayi. Asilikali asokoneza, aulesi. Ndi Tartars - uwu si boyars ndi ana awo nkhondo. nkhondo chinatayika.

Ndiyeno anakwiya Ivan! Glare anasamukira ku Kazan ku Novgorod. Ndiye pali analamulira la mafumu Giray. Anathetsa mwayekha Oprichnina ngakhale analetsa dzina lake, kunyongedwa opanduka ambiri ndipo sasonyeza anthu wamba, atatu anapita ku Kazan. Kachitatu Kazan anagonja pa kuchenjera, ndipo patapita kanthawi movutika mzinda Russian. Komanso ku Moscow ku Kazan padziko lonse lapansi alimbane linga Russian. Iwo anagonjetsedwa ndi Astrakhan Khanate, okhalira malo Russian. Crimea Khan, nayenso, mu perepalo mapeto kotani mukhoza ndi kulangidwa ndi kufunkha Russia ndi kutenthelatu mzinda wake okongola? Mu 1572, 120,000th Crimea asilikali linathyoka 20000th Russian asilikali.

Kuwonjezeka m'madera a nkhondo ndi zokambirana

Ndiye padali kwambiri anamenyedwa asilikali a Sweden magulu ankhondo Novgorod, ndipo anamaliza mtendere zaphindu ndi mochuluka monga zaka 40. Ofunitsitsa woyamba mfumu Lazaro Baltic anamenyana ndi Livonians, Poland, Chilituyaniya, nthawi zina ngakhale zochititsa chidwi mabusa Novgorod, ndi kutali (mpaka wina wamkulu Choyamba mfumu - Peter) analephera chiwembu. Koma kunja mantha si nthabwala. Ngakhale anakhazikitsa zokambirana malonda ndi England. Ndiyeno mfumu inayamba kuganiza za Siberia Land, unexplored. Koma mosamala. Chabwino, Ermak Timofeevich ndi Cossacks wake anakwanitsa kugonjetsa asilikali a Khan Kuchum mpaka kuti mfumu kubwerera kwa Perm chitetezo dziko, Russia Choncho mizu Siberia. Ndipo patapita zaka za m'ma hafu ya Russian anabwera kwa Pacific Ocean.

umunthu

Mfumu yoyamba mu Russia sanali kokha mfumu yoyamba komanso munthu woyamba nzeru, erudition ndi maphunziro.

About laibulale Ivana Groznogo sakumvetsabe kuchepa nthano. Theology ankadziwa pa pundits. Iye anaika maziko jurisprudence. Iye anali mlembi wa zambiri zabwino stichera ndi zilembo (a ndakatulo!). Ine analamula atsogoleri kutsegula mu sukulu yophunzitsa ana kuwerenga, kulemba. Iye anavomereza polyphonic kuimba ndi anatsegula mtundu wa inali mu ndi Alexander Pamudzi. Iye anali wogwira kwambiri. A makina osindikizira? Ndipo St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo pa Red Square? funso lokhudza za canonization wa Ivan. Koma tisaiwale looting, kuzunzidwa Kuphedwa, Kuyaluka ndi kupha ziri mophweka oprichnina ndi otsatira a atsogoleri Orthodox? Pambuyo pa mapeto a oprichnina, monga ngati, iwo si pa, mwinamwake anadziwika. Mfumu analapa, atavala unyolo, namkwapula yekha. ndalama yaikulu ndalama anapereka chikumbutso cha mpingo ndi mizimu ya anthu amene anaphedwa thanzi la manyazi a. Iye anafa Schemamonk.