Brain. brainstem: kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya matenda

Mbali yokondweretsa kwambiri ya thupi la munthu ndi mutu wake, kumene kuli mphamvu yowonongeka komanso yachirengedwe - ubongo. Ubongo umayambira, zilembo ziwiri ndi zazikulu zazikulu ndizo "mfundo" zomwe "kompyuta" yapaderayi imaphatikizapo. Monga ziwalo zina, ubongo umayambira matenda osiyanasiyana. Tiyeni tiyankhule za iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Zambiri zokhudza ubongo

Ubongo (ubongo umayambira ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za oyang'anira dongosolo la pakatikati la mitsempha) ndicho chiwalo chachikulu cha umunthu, chokhala ndi ma 25-25 millioni. Amachita nawo mwachindunji kupanga mapangidwe a magetsi omwe amalamulira ntchito ya thupi lonse lathunthu.

Ubongo wa munthu uli ndi chitetezo chodalirika ndi chokhazikika monga keranium. Chitetezo chowonjezera chimaperekedwa ndi zipolopolo zitatu:

• Zolimba;
• Zofewa;
• Arachnoid.

Kulumikizana kwapakati pakati pa ziwalo zotetezera ndi msana wa msana ndi cerebrospinal fluid, kapena cerebrospinal madzi. Ndi zakumwa zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizomwe zimasokoneza ubongo, zomwe zimateteza ubongo wathu kuchoka ku mphutsi ndi kuwonongeka kwa magetsi. Thunthu la ubongo (limatchedwanso tsinde la ubongo) limaonedwa kuti ndilofunika kwambiri pambali ya olamulira. Zambiri zokhudza iye, komanso mbali zina za ubongo zopangidwa, tiyeni tiyankhule moonjezera.

Kodi ubongo umapangidwa ndi chiyani?

Ubongo umaonedwa kuti ndi zovuta komanso zovuta kwambiri, kugwira ntchito monga ola. Monga lamulo, liri ndi madera asanu:

• Chotsatira;
• Okhazikika;
• Kumbuyo (kumaphatikizapo mlatho ndi cerebellum);
• Avereji;
• Zovuta.

Kuphatikizanso, ubongo wa munthu umagawidwa m'magulu atatu, pakati pawo:

• Makungwa a chifuwa cha ubongo;
• Gulu;
• Thalamus;
• Cerebellum;
• Thunthu la ubongo.

Nyumba zonsezi zapamwamba zimagwira ntchito zofunikira kwambiri, komanso zimathandizira pa ntchito ndi chitetezo cha ubongo.

Kodi ubongo umakhala wotani mwa anthu?

Ubongo umayambira pakati pa anthu umatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa ziwalo zazikuluzikulu za thupi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ubongo wa ubongo (umatchedwanso kuti phokoso la mitsempha yambiri), komanso kupuma, kupuma ndi malo ena ofunikira kuti moyo wa munthu aliyense ukhale wofunikira.

Ili pakati pamphepete mwa dzenje lalikulu mu dera la occipital la mutu ndi malo otsetsereka a mkati mwa chigaza. Nthawi zina ubongo umatha kunena kuti zikuwoneka kuti zimatulutsa msana. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti matupi awiriwo sali ndi malire omveka, koma ovomerezeka.

Thunthu la ubongo (mawonekedwe ndi ntchito yake idzafotokozedwa m'munsimu) ali ndi kutalika kofanana ndi masentimita 7 okha. Chimodzimodzinso ubongo wapakati ndi oblong, komanso mlatho wa variolium. Kawirikawiri, thunthu la ubongo limaphatikizapo ubongo wamkati womwe uli ndi cerebellum.

Zambiri pa kapangidwe ndi ntchito za mbali zina za ubongo

Chilichonse mwazigawo za ubongo zimakhala ndi zochitika zake ndi ntchito zake. Mwachitsanzo, ubongo wapakati umatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa dipatimenti yayikulu, yomwe imayang'anira ntchito zogwirira ntchito komanso zofufuza za anthu.

Malingana ndi mabuku okhudzana ndi anatomy, ndi ubongo wamkati womwe umalowerera mu ubongo umene umatha kusintha kusintha kwa malo ndi mawonekedwe a wophunzira (mothandizidwa akhoza kuchepetsa ndikukula). Ndipo ndithudi, iye ali ndi udindo woyenera kuti asunge minofu ya maso athu ndi kutilola ife kuti tiziyenda mwangwiro mu malo.

Ubongo wa oblong, umene umatchedwa kuti babu, chifukwa cha chipangizo chake chapadera, ndi umene umapangitsa kuti zotetezo zoterezi zizimveka (pozizira kapena kuzizira), kutsokomola komanso kusanza. Kuphatikizanso apo, ndi mbali iyi ya ubongo yomwe imathandizira kulamulira kupuma ndipo imayendetsa bwino ntchito ya mtima ndi m'mimba.

Varoliev Bridge ndi dipatimenti yofunika kwambiri ya olamulira, kuphatikizapo thunthu la ubongo (momwe zimakhalira ndi ntchito zake ziyenera kudziwika kwa onse amene akufuna kuti adziŵe bwino momwe munthu alili). Chiwalo ichi ndi mtundu wa chimbudzi pakati pa mutu ndi msana, pakuti ndiye amene ali ndi udindo wopereka chidziwitso kuchokera kumbali imodzi ya thupi kupita kwina.

Cerebellum ndi dipatimenti ya ubongo yomwe imayang'anira kugwirizana kwa kayendetsedwe ka anthu, kusinthika ndi kukonzanso kayendedwe kake, ndipo ndithudi, minofu. Ipezeka pang'ono pansi pa mlatho ndi medulla oblongata (m'chigawo cha occipital lobes).

Ubongo wapakati ndi dipatimenti yomwe ili pamwamba pa ubongo wapakati. Iye ndi amene amachititsa opaleshoni yachizolowezi glands la endocrine (limayendetsa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za chithokomiro ndi zilonda za adrenal).

Nazi mbali zodabwitsa za ubongo zimachokera kwa nthawi yaitali ndikugwira ntchito m'thupi lathu.

Kodi nthenda ya mitsempha yambiri ndi iti?

Monga tinatchulira kale, nthenda ya mitsempha yambiri imakhala mu ubongo. Iwo ali m'dera la pakati pakati pa mbali zam'mbuyo ndi zobisala, ndipo amakhudzanso mlatho.

Malingana ndi akatswiri, mfundozi zimakhala ndi mitsempha, chiwerengerocho sichichepera khumi ndi ziwiri. Komabe, zonsezi zimakhudza kapangidwe ka ubongo, monga, monga nyonga yaikulu, iwo ankanyamula "mahema" awo mu ubongo ndikupanga nthambi zingapo.

Pa mndandanda wa mitsempha yomwe imalumikizana mwachindunji, timatha kusiyanitsa:

• Zowonongeka ndi zooneka;
• Kutsogola ndi kuyang'anizana;
• Oculomotor ndi kutseka;
• Trigeminal ndi linguopharyngeal;
• Katatu ndi kuyendayenda;
• Zomasulira ndi zina.

Ndipo mbali iliyonseyi imayambitsa zosiyana siyana (kusagwirizana kwa ziwalo ndi ziwalo ndi chithandizo cha mitsempha) ndikukwaniritsa ntchito zake. Mwachitsanzo, nuclei zokhudzana ndi mitsempha, zimayambitsa kuchotsa maso pambali ndi kumbali.

Nkhono ziwiri zimakulolani kulamulira minofu ya larynx, palate ndi pharynx. Ndichifukwa chake amatsogolera mawu athu, njira yofuna chakudya ndi kufotokoza (kutulutsa mokweza mawu). Pambuyo pozindikira zambiri zokhudza cholinga chenicheni cha mitsempha yambiri, munthu akhoza kuphunzira ntchito za ubongo.

Kodi ntchito za ubongo zimagwira ntchito yanji?

Ubongo wa ubongo uli ndi ziwalo zothandizira zingapo komanso mbali zomwe zimakhala ndi mbali yofunikira pamoyo wa aliyense wa ife. Choncho, chifukwa cha iye tili ndi mwayi womva pfungo la maluwa, kugwira phokoso lirilonse ndi kumvetsa malankhulidwe a anthu, kuthetsa mafunso ofunikira ndi chithandizo cha malingaliro, kuona dziko lozungulira ndi kulimva mwa kukhudza.

Pankhaniyi, ntchito zambiri za thunthu, malinga ndi akatswiri, zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mtima ndi mitsempha mwazokha. Ambiri mwa iwo amayendetsa zowonongeka, zooneka ndi zokoma. Ndipo popeza kuti msana wa msana ndi ubongo uli ndi ubale wapamtima, ntchito yaikulu yoyamba ndiyo kusamutsa zizindikiro zonse za mchitidwe wa mitsempha pakati pa ziwalo zina zonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ubongo umayambira ndi purosesa inayake yomwe imayendetsa magetsi. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa kuyenera kwake. Apo ayi, dongosolo lonse lidzalephera, ndipo zofuna za magetsi sizidzaperekedwa chifukwa cha cholinga chawo.

Ubongo (ubongo stem): mavuto ndi matenda

Mosasamala kanthu kachitidwe kawo, ichi kapena chiwalo chimenecho mthupi lathu chikhoza kulephera. Kawirikawiri izi zimakhalapo chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kapena kusokonezeka kwachibadwa, ndipo nthawi zina ndi zotsatira za chinachake choopsa.

Choncho, tingathe kusiyanitsa matenda angapo okhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo kapena mbali zina za ubongo:

• Kukwapulidwa kwa ubongo;
• Mapangidwe apamimba mu trunk dera;
• Chordomas;
• Chisangalalo;
• Aneurysms;
• Epidermoid;
• Chisokonezo;
• Meningiomas;
• Mizati.

Kodi kupwetekedwa kwa ubongo kumatheka liti?

Kawirikawiri, kupweteka kumabweretsa mavuto ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Ndipo ngati munthu wathanzi (makamaka ali wamng'ono) ali otsika komanso amphamvu, ndiye kuti msinkhu wawo umakhala woonda thupi ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mapepala apadera.

Kupsyinjika kwa kuvala mitsempha ya magazi kungakhale kupsyinjika kwakukulu kumataya thupi lanu. Zotsatira zake, sizikulimbana ndi katundu, kuziphimba, ndipo nthawi zina zimatha. Chifukwa chake, kayendetsedwe kake ka magazi kamakhala kovuta, ndipo ubongo umatha kuwonongeka.

Njira yothandizira matendawa ikuchitika molingana ndi ndondomeko yotsatirayi: Zitsulo zoyamba zija zimatsekedwa, kenako makoma a chotengerawo amatha kutuluka, ndipo zimayambitsa kutaya magazi kuti athe kupanga hematoma. Zikuwoneka kuti zimatetezera chotengera chokhudzidwa ndi ena ndipo salola mpweya wokhala nawo. Kenaka mphamvu yamagetsi imalephera kuperekedwa ku ubongo wa tsinde, kulephera kumachitika, ndipo ziwalo zotsalira sizingagwire ntchito pamodzi bwino.

Kodi sitiroko ya ischemic ndi yotani?

Sitiroko ya Ischemic imatengedwa ngati mtundu woopsa kwambiri wa matenda a cerebrovascular. Malingana ndi madokotala, vutoli ndilokusokoneza kwambiri magazi ndi kuwopsa kwakukulu kwa minofu ya ubongo. Pachifukwa ichi, magazi sangathe kufika ku mbali zina za olamulira, pali kuphwanya machitidwe awo (kuchepetsa), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziphuphu zowonongeka. Ndi njira yofulumira komanso yosasinthika.

Monga lamulo, matenda a shuga, rheumatism, kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena atherosclerosis kumabweretsa zotsatira zolakwika ngati ischemia.

Choncho, kuti tipeŵe zotsatira zolakwika, nkofunika kuzindikira ndi kuyendetsa ubongo umatha msinkhu, komanso kuchotsa matenda omwe amatha kuchititsa ischemia.

Kodi ndi zotupa zotani za ubongo zomwe zimayambira?

Ziphuphu zonse za ubongo zimatha kukhala zogawidwa m'magawo asanu ndi anayi. Iwo ndi:

• Chitsamba choyambira (chikuwoneka kuchokera ku ziphuphu zakukhudzidwa za thunthu);
• Ma exophytic maselo ofunika (amawoneka mu cerebellum kapena ventricle membranes ndipo kenako amatha kufika thunthu);
• Chimake;
• Cerebellar (epicenter yawo imapezeka pafupi ndi miyendo ya cerebellum, ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono imafalikira ku thunthu);
• Maonekedwe a diamondi (bwera mu dera lopanikizika ngati diamondi);
• Paravoles;
• Kusokonezeka (kuchititsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a ubongo).

Palinso chotupa chachikulu cha ubongo chomwe sichikhoza kuchiritsidwa ndipo, nthawi zambiri, chimayambitsa zotsatira zakupha. Kumbukirani kuti chotupa chimapezeka pamene maselo a thupi ayamba kugawa molakwika.

Kodi glioma ndi chiyani?

Gliomas amaonedwa kuti ndi opweteka. M'mawu ena, akapezeka, madokotala amapezeka kuti ali ndi "khansa ya CNS" (pakatikati ya mitsempha). Mitundu imeneyi imakhala yosavuta kwa ana a sukulu.

Komabe, iwo amanenedwa kuti ndi mitundu yowopsya kwambiri ya khansa, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa kuwonongeka ndi kuwononga zida zathanzi. Pachifukwa ichi, maselo a chotupachi mwamsanga amagawanitsa ndikufalikira kutali kwambiri ndi malo a pulayimale.

Kuopsa kwa zisindikizo zachilendozo ndikuti mimba imayamba kukula mwachindunji mkati mwa thumba la ubongo, kutseka magazi ndi mpweya kwa ziwalo zina. Pambuyo pake, chifuwa cha ubongo pakati pa ana a sukulu ndi achinyamata kapena akuluakulu chingayambitse kuona, kumva, kulankhula komanso ngakhale ziwalo.

Kodi kupangika kwa chiwombankhanga kumapangitsa chiyani?

Matenda oopsa ndi oopsa ali ndi kukula kosiyana. Choncho, pachiyambi choyamba, maikodzo amatha kukula kwa zaka zambiri ndipo samabweretsa mavuto aakulu kwa eni ake. Zina, m'malo mwake, zimakula mofulumira.

Ndipo ndithudi, malingana ndi mtundu wa chotupa ndi matenda, matendawa amatha kugwira ntchito kapena ayi (sichiyenera kuchitidwa opaleshoni). Ndizimenezi ndipo ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha ubongo. Zimadziwika kuti palibe septum pakati pa neoplasm ndi medulla. Ndipo nthawi zina zimagwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi ziphuphu za mlatho umene sungathe kuchotsedwa popanda kupweteka popanda ubongo.

Kodi chotupa cha ubongo chikhoza kuwonedwa pa zaka ziti?

Malingana ndi zaka zambiri zafukufuku, zotupa zimatha kuwonedwa kwa ana ndi akulu. Ndipo kuopsa kokhala ndi matenda oopsa kumapeto kwa zaka zitatu ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Ndili m'zaka zino zomwe pafupifupi 7-11% za matenda a ubwana amapezeka.

Malingana ndi ziwalo ziti za thupi lathu mwanayo amayamba chotupa, zimatha kukhala ndi maonekedwe a nkhope ndi mavuto, chizungulire ndi zizindikiritso zina, zomwe tidzakambirana posachedwa. Kotero, zizindikiro zomwe zimapezeka ndi odwala ndi zotupa ndi ubongo wa ubongo ndi chifukwa chiyani zimachitika?

Zimayambitsa matenda a ubongo

Zina mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zingakhale ndi zizindikiro zina za matenda a ubongo, tingathe kusiyanitsa zotsatirazi:

• Matenda osiyanasiyana;
• Zoopsa za gawo lopweteka ndi lachibwana;
• Kuwonongeka ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha ya magazi (kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa magazi);
• Kusuta fodya ndi kumwa mowa;
• Kusokonezeka ndi mantha;
• Zofufuza ndi moyo wochuluka;
• Zakudya zopanda thanzi ndi moyo;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi osokonezeka nthawi zonse.

Ndipo ndithudi, wina wobadwa wosabadwa amaonedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zowonjezera matenda (imodzi mwa iwo ndi glioma ya brainstem). Komanso, simungadziwe kuti kulipo kwake. Monga lamulo, izo zikhoza kuzindikiridwa kokha kupyolera mu kafukufuku wapadera mu makankhwala.

Inde, ndipo sikungakuvutitseni nkomwe. Koma ngati muvulazidwa kapena mutapwetekedwa pamutu, zidzakhala chiyambi cha mchitidwe wa makina, zomwe zidzakuchititsani kuti mukhale ndi matenda oopsa.

Kodi mawonekedwe a zotupa amawonekera bwanji?

Dziwani kuti kupezeka kwa chotupa kumakhala ndi zizindikiro zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mavuto a ubongo amatha kuchitika ndi chizungulire chosadzidzimutsa ndi matenda opweteka kwambiri.

Kuwonjezera apo, odwala, monga lamulo, ali ndi vuto ndi masomphenya ndi kugwirizana kwa kayendetsedwe, ndi kumva. Komanso, akhoza kukhala ndi malingaliro ofooketsa, osayendetsa bwino mlengalenga komanso kutuluka kwa manja ndi mutu.

Kodi mungazindikire bwanji vutoli?

Njira yosavuta yodziŵira chotupa panthaŵi yake ndiyo kupanga kujambula kwa ubongo wa ubongo. Malinga ndi akatswiri, iyi ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri, yosasamala ngakhale ana omwe akuyesedwa. Njirayi imakhala ndi mtundu wa kusinkhasinkha ubongo pazipangizo zapadera. Chinthu chachikulu chimene chimapereka ndicho kuthetsa ngakhale chotupa chaching'ono kwambiri.

Njira yachiwiri yowunikirayi ikuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito kompyuta ya tomography. Amasonyezanso zotsatira pawindo ndipo amapereka oimira chipatala chithunzithunzi choyera cha mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo.

Kodi zotupa za ubongo zimayamba bwanji?

Pa kudziwika madokotala chotupa mankhwala chithandizo choyenera. Makamaka, chosaopsa neoplasms, kukhala m'chimake osiyana ndi septum mosavuta anachotsa opaleshoni. Zikatero, wodwala wayamba kuchotsa chotupa, ndipo akupitiriza moyo pa. Komabe, zotupa izi zimachitika pafupifupi 19-25% odwala. Nthawi zambiri, anapeza zotupa zilonda sangakhale scalpel dokotala.

Monga njira zina za mankhwala wodwala kupereka mankhwala cheza. Imakhala kwambiri zotsatira pa chotupacho X-ray. Malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi kuti amalola kuti m'mbuyo kukula kwa zotupa, kuti tichotse musabise kobwereza, ndi zina kukonzekera mtima kwa opaleshoni.

mtundu wina wa mankhwala - stereotactic mankhwala. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira yatsopano, zokhudza ntchito za mitundu ingapo ya chotupa walitsa. Makamaka ntchito "Popanga madzi a gamma Mpeni" ndi "Cyber-mpeni." Mbali yoyamba, wodwalayo amavala chisoti wapadera pa mutu wake ndi pansi pa cheza radiological. Komanso, ndondomeko yokha maganizo mwachindunji pa panayambira ya zotupa za. Ngati wachiwiri, zida robotic ndi cheza. wagawo Kudziwa mlingo komanso kukhudzana nthawi.

Pamene ntchito mankhwala stereotactic, odwala zambiri pafupifupi samaona ululu. Koma izi zisanachitike wozengereza anatumizidwa odwala tomography ndi kumveka mankhwala maginito.

njira kuthana ndi alendo mokakamizidwa thupi lanu mankhwala amphamvu. Zimatengera ntchito wothandizila yeniyeni cytotoxic omwe amalimbikitsa kukula kumangidwa ndi kuchotsa zotupa.

Kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira wamkulu pa kudziwika akatswiri Oncology akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo losakanizika mankhwala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wodwala kuchira pulogalamu zikuphatikizapo mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala ndi mankhwala, kuphatikizapo opaleshoni.

ndi protocol KUMENYA-HGG 2007 chiyani?

Chithandizo cha ana kawirikawiri olamulidwa ndi malamulo ena. Makamaka, madokotala amatha kugwiritsa ntchito otchedwa anagunda HGG 2007 kupereka ntchito munthawi yomweyo ndi mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala kwa mwana (umagwirira ndi cheza) protocol. Ngakhale pa nthawi Mwachitsanzo, ndime ya mwana kapena mankhwala amphamvu mwana sakondwera kuposa 5-6 milungu.

Cholinga chachikulu cha mankhwala ndi kuchepa zotupa pachiyambi. A cheza mankhwala Pankhaniyi atenge mbali ya kulamulira kuwombera ndipo kumatha zolakwa zotheka wa mankhwala ziŵiri m'mbuyomo.