Cheza: woopsa mlingo anthu

cheza ndi ionizing cheza particles tosaoneka ndi minda thupi. Kuchipatala kukhudzana sakhala ndi kunyezimira ultraviolet ndi owoneka kuunika osiyanasiyana. Luso ionize thunthu alibe mafunde kauntala wailesi ndi microwaves, si cheza. Woopsa mlingo anthu sanalengedwe chongopeka ndi mankhwala zako, cheza amatanthauza kanthu thupi.

Mphamvu ndi mlingo

Mphamvu cheza ndi kuchuluka kwa ionization kwa nyengo zina za nthawi. Mphamvu wagawo kumeneko - yaying'ono-roentgen paola.

Mlingo chifukwa chimaonekera mwa mlingo okwana, anatsimikiza ndi mphamvu cheza chidachuluka ndi nthawi ya microparticles Choncho masamu mlingo woopsa cheza anthu, imbaenda ku imfa. Kuyeza ofanana mlingo ntchito sievert (sv), kuwerengera ndi mphamvu anatsimikiza paola sievert (sv / h).

Kuwerengetsa mlingo wofanana mwangozi kuwala kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuganizira kukula kwa cheza anakhumba kwa sievert lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kudziwa mlingo okwana zochita Popanga madzi a gamma-ray opotoka 100 roentgens 1 sv. Small Mlingo wa zosakwana 1 sv kuwerengera ndi nkhani:

• 1 mSv (mSv) wofanana 1/1000 sievert;
• 1 sv (mikrozivert) wofanana 1/1000 milliziverts miliyoni kapena sievert.

chipangizo A kuona cheza

Standard wamba chipangizo kwa kudziwa mlingo mlingo kapena mphamvu imatsogoleredwa kumtunda chipangizo ndi chipangizo woyendetsa, ndi dosimeter. Dosimetry imachitika panthawi ya kukhudzana ndi poizoni Mwachitsanzo, amasinthira, kapena kuphedwa kwa ntchito yopulumutsa.

A mlingo woopsa cheza ndi anthu X-ray zimadalira cheza mwamphamvu pa malo wogwira ntchito ngati mlingo okwana ali oposa 600 mayunitsi, pamenepo walitsa moyo pachiswe. Anafufuza ankanyamula katundu, zinthu, amaona maziko a nyumba ndi nyumba. Munthu aliyense kuyendera malo ndi kuopsa kuipitsidwa nyukiliya, ndi dosimeter afika mu zones munthu.

Kupita mtunda lachilendo, monga mapiri, nyanja, kupita pa kukwera kapena kutola zipatso ndi bowa, kutenga chipangizo kafukufuku m'dera pamaso kupeza yaitali. Amaonekera ndi mphamvu ya m'dera cheza pamaso yomanga kapena kugula dziko. Maziko cheza si kuchepetsedwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mpanda wa nyumba ndi zinthu, kotero kuopsa chisanadze wapezeka ntchito dosimeter.

Lingaliro la mpweya wa poizoni

Ena mtima wosakhazikika muli maatomu angathe kupanga kapena apasuke. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti amasulidwe ayoni ufulu. Pali umuna nyukiliya, mphamvu wamphamvu, amatha kuchita zinthu ozungulira ndipo imautsa zikamera wa ayoni latsopano mlandu mthunzi ndi chenicheni. A mlingo woopsa cheza mu rad umachitika munthu irradiated 600 rad 100 rad m'menemo (kuchokera-dongosolo wagawo) = 100 roentgens.

Zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa nyukiliya

Zotsatira za zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi mavuto chifukwa okwera maziko poizoniyu:

• imfa ya zinthu nyukiliya ku chikhalidwe cha mtambo nyukiliya ku kuphulika ya;
• pamene cheza ndi anachititsa, chifukwa kupanga mitundu isotope nyukiliya pa ntchito yomweyo kunyezimira Popanga madzi a gamma ndi neutrons, ndi anamasulidwa pa mabomba nyukiliya;
• chikoka cheza kunja Popanga madzi a gamma ndi beta cheza;
• mlingo woopsa cheza chimene chili ndi walitsa mkati pambuyo padzuwa la isotopes nyukiliya mkati thupi mpweya kapena chakudya;
• kuipitsidwa nyukiliya atamuyamba mu yamtendere masoka zopangidwa ku maofesi nyukiliya zosayenera mayendedwe ndi kutaya zinyalala nyukiliya.

mtundu wa poizoni

Oopsa kwa anthu cheza microparticles, zimayambitsa matenda thupi ndi imfa. Ukulu wa mmene zimadalira mtundu wa kuwala, nthawi ndi pafupipafupi:

• lolemera alpha-tinthu, ndithu mlandu mtima pambuyo azingokhala (dama thoron, cobalt 60, ureniamu, radon);
• particles beta ndi ma elekitironi ochiritsira strontium-90, potaziyamu 40, Cesium 137;
• cheza Popanga madzi a gamma umaimiridwa ndi particles ndi mkulu mphamvu yaikulu (cesium 137, cobalt 60);
• molimba X-ray, Popanga madzi a gamma-ngati-particles, koma zochepa amphamvu, kupereka americium-241, ndi gwero zonse yatsoka kwa dzuwa;
• Neutrons amachitika chifukwa cha kugwa kwa mitima nyukiliyazo basi, kudzikundikira awo zimawonedwa mu malo a nyukiliya.

Mlingo mitundu

Chofanana atathana ogwira mlingo ndi mtima wa Mlingo cheza pa thupi monga chotsatira cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoipa. chiwerengerochi amaganizira tilinazo ziwalo mkati ndi zogona nthawi ya mankhwala nyukiliya mu thupi (nthawi zina moyo wonse). Nthawi zina, mlingo woopsa cheza mu X-ray chimaonekera kwa mmodzi wa thupi anasankha.

Ambidentate mlingo wofanana waba tikaona mtengo kuti akapeza munthu, ngati alipo mu dera limene dosimetry zachitika chizindikiro amayezedwa sievert.

Zotsatira za kuipitsidwa nyukiliya pa thupi la munthu

cheza aliyense, zikubweretsa mapangidwe m'malo a particles magetsi ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, ionizing ankaona. Anamwazikana cheza maziko zonse zimathera munthu, amalenga cheza dziko, zotsatira za dzuwa, zachilengedwe a radionuclides ndi mbali zina za biosphere lapansi.

Ntchito zinthu zoopsa kuteteza ogwira zovala zapadera, kutsatira mfundo za chitetezo. Walitsa thupi likulowa mu kuntchito pa zatsopano thupi ndi mankhwala, akuchita anayendera, yakuthandizani Kafukufuku Geological ndi ena.

Kafukufuku kukhudzana

A mlingo woopsa cheza kwa umunthu mu mayunitsi rad ndi zoposa 600 ndipo limadzetsa imfa. Walitsa pa mlingo wa rad 400 600 amalimbikitsa zosayembekezereka wa matenda cheza ndi angachititse masinthidwe a chibadwa. Action ionized kusintha kwa thupi pang'ono kuphunzira, masinthidwe zimapezeka kupyolera mu mibadwo. nthawi kufala amapereka ufulu woti muzikaikire, panali kusintha pamudzipo nyukiliya kapena chifukwa zifukwa zina.

Masinthidwe maonekedwe lagawidwa lalikulu, kuwonekera mu yochepa pambuyo padzuwa kanthu ndi recessive. Mtundu wachiwiri wa kumaonekera, ngati mayi ndi mwana ndi chimodzi mutated mbewu. The kusintha si kudzuka kwa mibadwo ingapo, kapena ayi konse nkhawa munthu. Alibe wa mwana wosabadwayo zovuta kutsimikiza mtima pa nkhani ya uchembere msanga, ngati masinthidwe salola Ndisanaumbidwe kuti akafika zaka mafuko.

Cheza matenda. leukosis

Mu chiphunzitso cha matenda cheza kudwala inalili ndi cheza cha. A woopsa mlingo wa poizoni kumabweretsa imfa, koma mochepa oopsa kukhudzana kaperekedwe ka 200 600 tsa, chifukwa matenda poizoniyu. Cheza amakhudza munthu patapita amadza umodzi wamphamvu kapena pa malowedwe zonse mphamvu cheza otsika. Chitsanzo ndi ntchito ya radiologists sangaime kukhudzana zonse ndi kudwala matenda lililonse.

The owopsa kwambiri ndi cheza pa thupi osalimba wa zaka 15. Za kukula kwa mlingo wa palibe kugwirizana ofufuza kupereka kulolerana mlingo wosiyana wa 50, 100 ndi 200 p. pathogenesis The amaphunzira ku mabungwe kafukufuku, cheza khansa mosavuta mankhwala.

matenda Oncological

Kuphunzira zotsatira cheza pa anthu zovuta chifukwa chakuti kwa zikamera deta zowombetsa mkota anaphunzira gulu lalikulu la anthu, limene N'zosatheka kuyesera wapadera. Kodi mlingo woopsa cheza ndi woopsa, ndi zomwe zimatiyika khansa kuchititsa zotupa anthu akhoza musaweruzidwe kuyesa nyama.

Kumbali ya Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mlingo oopsa kuchititsa zotupa khansa, palibe deta yeniyeni. mlingo uliwonse cheza analandira mwa thupi zinagwira anayamba aukali magawano selo. Mu mawonekedwe pafupipafupi matenda wachinsinsi motere:

• ndi mawonetseredwe ambiri khansa;
• akazi 1000 kukhala m'gulu pangozi, khansa 10 kudwala odwala;
• ziŵerengero chomwecho khansa chithokomiro.

Cheza digiri matenda kusalekerera

Zizindikiro za matenda cheza ndi mutu zonse, mkhutu kayendedwe, manja a kugwirizana, nseru, kusanza, chizungulire, m'mimba ndi matenda matumbo. Kodi mlingo wa poizoni ndi tizilombo anthu:

• choyamba kuwonetseredwa digiri patapita nthawi zobisika milungu iwiri, matendawa amayamba ndi walitsa wa roentgens 100 200;
• chifukwa chikwaniritso cha digiri yachiwiri itatha walitsa mlingo wa 200 400 X-ray, imfa amapezeka mbali yachinayi poyera;
• cheza matenda gawo lachitatu - ndi imfa mu 50% milandu, chifukwa pakutchulidwa cheza mlingo wokwanira wa roentgens 400 600;
• chachinayi, gawo owopsa kumachititsanso cheza. mlingo woopsa wa 600 roentgens, munthu amafa 100% ya milandu.

Njira chitetezo chapadera mwambo m'madera nyukiliya kuipitsidwa

Zochita muyezo anthu m'dera ngati cheza cha. A mlingo woopsa cheza ndi ngozi moyo, kuchepetsa imfa bungwe gulu la anthu mu nyumba, umene agawanika pa mlingo wa chitetezo kwa m'misasa likulu bomba zapansi, nyumba matabwa ndi magalimoto. Ndi bwino kuteteza kapangidwe ka mtundu woyamba, enawo anawaona ndikuwatenga ngati pogona zosakhalitsa mwadzidzidzi.

miyeso ogwira monga chitetezo kupuma, madzi ndi chakudya. Pogona zofunikira anapanga pasadakhale ngati pali ngozi kuphulika kapena kumasulidwa. Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala odana ndi cheza si ntchito kupereka mkaka atsopano.

Yopangidwa zonse sanitization ndi disinfection wa malo, nthawi zonse anthu anasamutsidwa kunja m'dera kachilombo. Kuchepetsa kukhudzana mkati kuchotsa fumbi adani anapereka respirators, mogwira 80% ya milandu. Chithunzi ang'onoang'ono amapereka gauze bandeji la zigawo zinayi, koma ntchito zonse akutanthauza pa chitetezo dzanja. Monga ntchito capes kufumbwa rainwear Nthawi kwambiri, polyethylene filimu.

Pomaliza tiyenera munanena kuti m'dera cheza si kuchepa kuipitsidwa, kusatetezeka anthu sanamvere ntchito njira munthu chitetezo ndi kulamulira cheza mlingo analandira mwa dosimeters.