Chibuda stupa: dzina, ndi tanthauzo la chipembedzo. Chibuda Culture

Kuyambira kale, kwa anthu onse, pali wapadera mwambo manda ndi malo apadera iwo. Anthu amabwera kwa manda a makolo awo, kuwapatsa msonkho. M'madera ambiri, pambuyo pa imfa ya munthu wotchuka Barrow manda ake kuti ana akhoza angadze ku malo ano ndi kumulambira kukumbukira zomwe munthu komweko. Mu India, ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi stupa Chibuda. Ife amati inu kudziwa ake bwino. Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, muphunzira kuti Abuda stupa, phiri lopatulika ndi chitunda - zokhudzana limaphunzitsa. Ifenso kukuuzani manda wotchuka wa Buddhism kugwirizana ndi woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso ichi.

The stupa loyamba

Mu India, ndi stupa choyamba anatuluka mu nthawi chisanadze Chibuda. Poyamba, iwo anali zipilala kuti India wakale anaikidwa pa manda wa olamulira. Mawu "matope" ndi Chisansikiriti chiyambi. Kumasulira amatanthauza "korona", "mfundo za tsitsi", "mulu wa miyala ndi dziko lapansi" kapena "pamwamba pa mutu." Mwambo unachita kutenthedwa zotsalira kwachititsa kuti pa India masiku amenewo kunalibe manda m'lingaliro mwachizolowezi mawu. Kunali kofunika kusunga okha zotsalira unburned kapena phulusa. Ndi mu stupa ndi inanso zimene pambuyo ochimwa lapansi.

reliquaries

Patapita nthawi, ndi stupa anakhala reliquary munali mabwinja umunthu otchuka m'lingaliro lauzimu. Anayamba anamangidwira nthawi ya Buddha, komanso ulemu wake. Mwachitsanzo, Kakombo Stupa linakhazikitsidwa ndi bambo ake, Mfumu Suddhodanoy ku Nepal (mu Lumbini, kumene Buddha anabadwa) pa moyo wake. Iye anali ndi mawonekedwe cylindrical ndi milingo zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zinayi lotuses.

Ena stupas ena, amene analengedwa pa moyo Buddha, nayenso otchulidwa m'malemba. Ndi zinayi relikvarnyh mortars. Malonda Tapussa Bhallika ndipo anamanga awiri a iwo pa tsitsi ndi clippings msomali mphunzitsi. Yemweyo Chibuda stupa analengedwa Anathapindakoy. Mumadziwika ndi ena kuti iye anamanga pa zotsalira za Shariputra.

Stupa chinthu nsembe

Buddha anafuna stupa inamangidwa pa mtembo wake atachoka. Iye watipatsa chipilala ili ndi tanthauzo latsopano. Kuyambira tsopano, stupa wakhala ankamuona ngati chinthu nsembe yotentha ndi awo Buddha-chilengedwe zomwe ndi chizindikiro cha maganizo Buddha a. Akukhulupirira kuti mwa kupereka nsembe, anthu kudziunjikira makhalidwe abwino. Pang'onopang'ono, iwo kupeza Buddha m'chilengedwe mwa yekha ndi amadzakhalanso choonadi, kuti chimwemwe mtheradi.

Zosiyanasiyana stupas mu nthawi yathu

Panopa reliquaries si onse stupa, monga si onse amene anayikidwa mafupa. The stupa kawirikawiri anaika yekha chidutswa cha zotsalira, zimene nkomwe adzatchedwa Kutaya. Mwina muli malemba opatulika kapena zinthu, ŵakusanga mphunzitsi chobvala. Komanso, matope akhoza kwina zotsalira. Pankhaniyi, ndiye akuti kwa malo achikumbutso analenga pokumbukira zochitika zofunika kuti Chibuda anali chizindikiro. Mwachidule kulankhula za mortars mosavuta. Pali mitundu yambiri ya iwo. Anamanga polemekeza chochitika chofunika wotchedwa stupa chikumbutso. Komanso, iwo agona, zotsatirazi lumbiro. M'nkhaniyi tiona pa stupas zofunika kwambiri, zomwe zinalengedwa polemekeza Buddha. Iwo relikvarnym.

8 relikvarnyh stupas

Atamwalira Buddha zotsalira amene anatsalira ochimwa ndi amakhulupirira kuti mbali 8. Iwo anayikidwa mu stupas 8, ankakhala mu madera osiyana a India, anthu omwe anali mphunzitsi wamkulu wa moyo, analalikira Chibuda. Mwachidule, longosolani aliyense wa iwo.

Mfumu ya Magadha Ajatashatru kukwezedwa mmodzi wa iwo Rajgir, shaki - mu Kapilavastu, lichchhavi - mu Vaishali, Kolaiah - mu Ramagrame, boule - mu Allakape, Malla - pa Pava. Mu Kushinagar stupa anamanga nthambi ina ya Mull ndi Bramini ku Vetthapidy anamangidwira mu kwawo. Izi ndi chimodzimodzi 8 stupas umene pali mabwinja a Buddha. Iwo amatchedwa stupas kwambiri relikvarnymi.

4 Haji malo amalembedwa Buddha

Ndi mawu wamba monga "8 malo Haji" ndi "8 sutricheskih stupas" kapena "8 stupas wa Tathagata." N'zokhudza moyo wa Tathagata, kuti ali Buddha Shakyamuni. Buddha yekha wakonza 4 malo yopita nawo wake. Mu woyamba anabadwa, adafikira kuunika wachiwiri, wachitatu anapereka ziphunzitso zoyambirira mu wachinayi kumanzere parinirvana. Malowa omwe mwamwambo kuzindikiridwa ndi Lumbini (Kapilavastu), Bodhgaya, Sarnath ndi Kushinagar motero.

The anayi stupas zofunika kwambiri

Mu Lumbini Stupa zamaluwa analengedwa anamanga Korol Suddhodana (bambo Buddha a) m'masiku ake. Mbali yaikulu ya mu mawonekedwe a zamaluwa a. Umasonyeza maonekedwe a kuunika Buddha a.

Mu Bodhgaya anamanga Stupa choonadi, kapena - kugonjetsa vuto lililonse. Mlengi wake ndi Dharma mfumu Bimbisara. stupa imeneyi anamanga pambuyo chophunzitsa Tathagata. Ndi zofunika kwambiri za eyiti limaimira cholinga cha Chibuda njira - lithandize zonse, kuzindikira maganizo ake. chipilala imeneyi ndi chizindikiro cha kugonjetsa zopinga zonse ndi makatani.

Stupa nzeru (kapena chipata 16) inamangidwa Sarnath. Pa nthawi imeneyi, Tathagata anapereka ziphunzitso zake poyamba, yemwe amatchedwa "Zinayi Noble Choonadi".

M'malo mwa kusamalira aphunzitsi, mu Kushinagar, inamangidwa Stupa parinirvana. Mbali yaikulu ya mawonekedwe ake - belu, kutanthauza nzeru za Buddha. fomu iyi limaimira chisamaliro parinirvana.

Anayi stupas kugwirizana ndi zozizwitsa

Ndi tatchulawa 4 malo a ulendo kenako anawonjezera 4 zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zodabwitsa zomwe anapanga Buddha. Iwo Vaishali, Sankasya (Shinkasi) Shravasti ndi Rajgir. Mu otsiriza Buddha anagonjetsa njovu ankhanza. Animal Adamkhudza Devadatta, msuwani wake.

Chibuda Stupa umodzi kapena Kuyanjanitsa, inamangidwa polemekeza Sangha chiyanjanitso. Apa, kuyendetsa Buddha, Woyamba Chibuda Council. Iwo Vinaya malemba ndi sutras ankalembedwa.

Ochititsa chidwi stupa anamumanga Shravasti polemekeza chigonjetso apambana mwa aphunzitsi asanu ndi Buddha mu munda Jetavana, amene anapereka wamalonda Anathapindaka. Aphunzitsi anali otsatira a maganizo olakwika. The Buddha anasonyeza chozizwitsa awiri. Iye anawuka mu mlengalenga, zimene panamveka motowo okha, ndi ndege ya madzi pa nthawi, ndiyeno, atakhala zamaluwa ndi wadziulula patsogolo pawo mu mlengalenga zambiri Achibuddha. Chibolibolichi anamangidwira ndi ena Lisabi.

The stupa inamangidwa Shinkasi mgwirizano Tusita kumwamba. Shakyamuni Buddha mobwerezabwereza mitala, anasonyeza Buddha m'mbuyomu. Malinga ndi iye, anakwera kumwamba Tushita. Apa Buddha analalikira Abhidharma akufa amayi, komanso milungu 33 ndi retinue awo. Pambuyo izi adatsikira pansi ndi masitepe abwino, olengedwa mwa kukhala milungu Indra ndi Brahma. Chizindikiro cha mgwirizano uno ndi zinthu zambiri, akuyimila chipilala cha.

Stupa chigonjetso wangwiro zinachitika mu Vaishali. Apa mu nthawi Buddha ndi mliri owonongedwa mzinda. Iye anali wokhoza kuti kumuletsa iye. Buddha amanenela chikondi ndi ulemu kwa m'deralo. Pamene Iye anapita Vaishali, anyani anakumba dziwe kwa Buddha, ndipo mphunzitsiyo anapereka uchi. Pa malo pano kalelo mango munda, umene courtesan Amrapali anapereka kwa Buddha. Pali analengezeratu ophunzira ake kuti adzasiya posachedwa. Komabe, iwo anamufunsa kuti kuwasiya. Buddha kutalikitsa moyo wake kwa miyezi itatu, motero atagonjetsa imfa ndi nthawi.

mndandanda zosiyanasiyana ndi kupeza malo stupas

Tikumbukenso kuti malo pamwamba pa ulendo, ndipo zinapangitsa iwo stupa ndi pang'ono kokha alipo stupas relikvarnymi, otchulidwa Mahaparinirvana Sutra. Magwero Chitibeta ndi mndandanda osiyanasiyana amene ogwirizana ndi moyo wa Buddha. Komanso, malo awo zimasiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwina, mndandanda amenewa analemba pamaziko a mwambo ndi m'kamwa. Iwo ali oyanjana ndi mwambo wa maulendo kuti malo achikumbutso. Nthawi yambiri malo awa pakhala stupas ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Sarnath lero mabwinja a angapo a iwo. Asayansi sangathe kusankha awiri - kapena Dhamekh Dharmaradzhika - inamangidwa pa malo pamene Buddha anapereka ziphunzitso zoyambirira.

Sutricheskih stupas eyiti

Pali maganizo akuti "stupas eyiti Tathagata" si chinyezimiro cha kuli malo ena zenizeni, koma limakupatsani correlate zochitika zofunika kwambiri Buddha ulendo moyo ndi malo amenewo kumene pali zambiri Abuda zipilala. Mu Chitibeta mwambo, chifukwa, panali gulu la eyiti sutricheskih stupas, amene zinthu zosiyana mapulani Chrixitu.

Stupas ku India ndi kunja

Malo onse pamwamba a Haji, komanso chachikulu relikvarnye stupa ili ku Northern India. Ichi ndi komwe ankakhala ndi kufalitsa ziphunzitso za Buddha. Patapita 3. BC. e. malo awa anapita ndi Mfumu Ashoka, Haji pano unadzakhalanso wofunika kwambiri anthu. Kenako, Ashoka anamanga stupas ambiri kudutsa India. The wamkulu wa iwo amene anapulumuka lero, ndi Bharhute ndi Sanchi (India), komanso Nepal ndi Patan. Komanso, anamangidwa ku Gandhara (masiku ano Afghanistan ndi Pakistan).

Stupa mu Sanchi, chithunzi lopatsidwa pamwamba, ndi makilomita ochepa kuchokera mumzinda wa Bhopal. Iye ndi wamkulu wa nyumba kamangidwe ka India, zisungidwe nthawi yathu, ndi zokhudzana ndi Chibuda. Stupa pa Sanchi ali ndi mawonekedwe hemispherical. Iwo ulibe malo mkati. mtondo Ichi pa maziko yozungulira awiri amene ali 31 m. Komanso bwalo limene m'mbuyomu mwambowo.

Komanso chidwi ndi stupa wa Borobudur. Borobudur - lakale Chibuda kachisi analengedwa ndi zaka za 7-9. (Photo zapamwambazo zikusonyeza kuti). Iye ali pafupi. Java, makilomita 50 kuchokera mu mzinda wa Yogyakarta (Indonesia). Borobudur - kwambiri anapita kukopa alendo m'dziko. kachisi uyu, mosiyana ndi ena anamangidwira pa lathyathyathya pamwamba, anamanga pa otsetsereka a. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, iye anali mu pakatinakati panyanza. Pali chiphunzitso chimene Borobudur zimaonekera galasi pamwamba pake, limaimira zamaluwa maluwa. Pafupifupi mogometsa zokhudza Chibuda, anawona maluwa zamaluwa. Buddha zambiri pansi pa mpando izo zikuwoneka ngati ukuyanga maluwa. Pa Borobudur stupas ndipo ambiri makachisi ena owoneka pamakhala za mbewu.

Monga mukuonera, osati India zinamangidwa stupas. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa chikhalidwe Abuda ambiri. Mu dziko lathu, ndi njira, kwambiri, mungathe kuwapeza. Mmodzi wa iwo - ndi stupa Longsal. Linamangidwa monga posachedwapa monga October 2012. Izi stupa Chibuda ili mu mtima wa Izhevsk, pafupi Karlutskoy m'deralo.