Chiphunzitso cha chitukuko m'dera: malongosoledwe a magwero a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana

anthu ambiri anzeru kutsogolera akhala anafuna mafotokozedwe chitukuko choyambirira cha zigawo munthu, mayiko, zikhalidwe, ndi anthu onse. Izi nkhani akatswiri chidwi monga Oswald Spengler, The Schubart, H. Danilevky, F. Northrop, ndi ena. Chiphunzitso kwambiri woimirira ndi chidwi chikhalidwe civilizational ntchito Toynbee. chiphunzitso wake wa chitukuko m'dera chimagwiritsidwa ankaona mwaluso macrosociology.

kafukufuku, anakhazikitsa pa mfundo yoti weniweni chinthu kuphunzira akhale gulu, amene mmene yaikulu danga ndi moyo kuposa wamba mtundu limati. Chotero anthu - chitukuko m'dera.

Ndi chitukuko zikhalidwe pali zoposa 20. Zina mwa Orthodox Russian Western, Orthodox Byzantine, yakale yoyendera, Indian, Arabic, Sumeri, Chinese, Aiguputo Andes, ku Mexico, Mhiti ndi mitundu ina. Toynbee komanso tikunena zisanu "wanthayo" ndi chitukuko anayi anakakhala chitukuko - momadicheskaya, Eskimo, wovutika ndi Ottoman. Ine ndikudabwa bwanji ena zikhalidwe zikukwaniritsidwa pompopompo, pamene ena asiye mu chitukuko cha magawo oyambirira linakhalapo.

Chiyambi cha chitukuko simungathe kuzifotokoza ndi kukopa zinthu payekha monga chilengedwe Hrs, muyezo mitundu, ndewu kapena zinthu zabwino, ndipo pamaso pa anthu a ochepa kulenga. Chiphunzitso cha chitukuko m'dera ananena kuti gulu kokha pamene pali ambiri a zinthu izi zimagwirizana kusintha chikhalidwe civilizational. M'madera zinthu izi palibe, kukhala pa mlingo dotsivilizatsionnom. Mwachitsanzo, zolimbitsa kwa chilengedwe kuwapangitsa nthawizonse kutaya kovuta kuti anthu ndi kulenga mavuto amene tiyenera kudziwa ndi kuchita ntchito luso kulenga. chimangidwe amakhala pa mfundo za kuitana kubwerera ndipo nthawi zonse zoyenda, chifukwa amadziwa mpumulo. Choncho m'kupita adzalenga chikhalidwe cha chitukuko.

Chiphunzitso cha chitukuko m'dera limanena kuti mbiri ya anthu amaona ngati mbiri wamba chikhalidwe cha anthu a za chitukuko amapita ku kubadwa kwa - mbandakucha - kuchepa - mofulumira. Aliyense wa iwo ndi wapadera. Zizindikiro za chitukuko - ndi phata kulenga mozungulira amene anapanga njira yoyambirira ya moyo wauzimu komanso gulu la zachuma, zachikhalidwe ndi ndale.

Wina wako- chitukuko chikhalidwe kupanga zina. Mwachitsanzo, Ancient Greece kwachititsa kuti zikamera a kumadzulo, Russian Orthodox ndi zamakono Orthodox Greek zikhalidwe. Ngati chitukuko sakukhulupiriranso pakati pake penipeni chikhalidwe ndi kulenga, tidzapeza imfa yake. Culture ndi yotheka bola akhoza mokwanira kuyankha mavuto kunja zimene zingaononge linakhalapo kwambiri.

Chiphunzitso cha chitukuko m'dera Toynbee wakupemphani kusiya "zapadnotsentristskih" maganizo ndi kusiya kuganizira chikhalidwe ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa kwa anthu Western ndi sizikugwirizana mu worldview wake, "m'mbuyo" kapena "woipitsitsawu".