Depreciation ndalama - ziri ... Kodi depreciation ndalama?

Monga amadziwika kuti ophunzira onse a chuma ndale, ndalama ndi chinthu chofunika, ngakhale omveka bwino. Mfundo imeneyi anabwera ndi ya matanthauzo, kuchokera zoseketsa kwa kwambiri sayansi, koma chofunikira awo akanali yemweyo. Ndalama, monga Marx ananenera, - chiphaso cha ufulu ntchito winawake. Ndipo malingana ngati iwo ali kupangidwa kapena kusindikizidwa, yokumba ngati udzakhalapo. Ndipo nthawi zonse padzakhala anthu amene ali ochuluka kuposa ena. Ndi kumenyana kwa mphamvu inextricably zogwirizana ndi yolimbirana ndalama. Anthu wabwera ndi ankapoperamo ofanana kwa mayiko awo, pa nthawi imene anali asapita malonda. Mu msika lero, zimavuta zosamvetsetseka mayiko asapita chuma ndi ngongole, m'mayiko osiyanasiyana pali depreciation ndalama. zodabwitsazi, malingana ndi ndondomeko anacemerwa mosiyana: kufufuma, hyperinflation, kusakhulupirika, stagnation ndipo ngakhale kugwa wathunthu wa chuma. ndi asilikali a pasukuluyi chiyani?

kufufuma

Mphamvu pogula ya ndalama zonse amachepetsa ndi nthawi. Ndipo izo siziri ngakhale akuchita tsopano Jamaica dziko dongosolo ndalama zochokera mitengo akuyandama - yekha nthawi chiŵerengero mtengo wa banknotes zosiyanasiyana. Ngati mumamvetsetsa Mwachitsanzo, dola US wataya mphamvu yake kulipira zaka makumi atatu kapena anayi, zimaonekeratu kuti tikulankhula angagwere wake. Ichi ndi chithunzi thunzi ndi a Franc Swiss kapena yen Japanese. The depreciation pang'onopang'ono ndalama zotchedwa kufufuma, ndondomeko n'zosiyana amatchedwa deflation, amene chuma mukukhulupirira chodabwitsa kwambiri negative. Limagwirira wa zinthuzo ndi wosavuta. Ndi kukula kwa chuma cha ndalama kupezeka ikukula, phindu anapereka chifukwa cha msika awo, mwayi wolankhula ndi ogula. Zonsezi ndi injini chitukuko zina. Kufufuma mu osiyanasiyana% 2-3 imatengedwa wabwinobwino, ndipo ngakhale zofunika.

hyperinflation

Malinga ngati dziko malo ndalama mothandizidwa ndi golide, ndiye m'nthawi ya Genoese ndi Bretton Woods dongosolo ndalama, kuphatikiza, ndi mitengo ndalama, ndi mitengo anakhalabe kokhazikika. Kumene, mavuto ndi maganizo, nthawi zina zimapweteka kwambiri, koma dollar (ngakhalenso cent) anakhalabe mu mtengo, ndipange zinali zovuta kwambiri. Koma m'mayiko amene ataya nkhokwe zawo golide (monga Mwachitsanzo, akadzagonjetsedwa Germany mu nkhondo World I), panali depreciation mofulumira ndalama. zodabwitsazi ndi zimenenso mazana ndi zikwi zana, ndi kuchuluka posachedwapa zikuluzikulu za chilungamo, patatha mwezi umodzi, mukanatha kugula paketi ya ndudu, ndipo ngakhale bokosi la machesi. Zoterezi zinachitikanso kuti apulumuke ndi nzika wakale wa Soviet Union ndisungunuka mwadzidzidzi. Chotero chigumukire devaluation ndalama amatchedwa hyperinflation. Iwo amayamba ndi wathunthu kapena kugwa zikuluzikulu za boma la zachuma, m'kukoma ndi kusindikiza kusalankhula wa unsecured zolemba banki ndi zolemba banki ndi Bank wa Central.

kusakhulupirika

Mawu atsopano ku makutu athu anadza zosayembekezereka mu 1998. boma ananena kulephera wake kuti akwaniritse udindo ngongole, onse mu gawo kunja, ndipo m'dzikoli. nthawi ino limodzi ndi hyperinflation, koma kupatula kuti nzika ya Soviet Union anamvera ndi ena "zithumwa" wa ofikira. Pomwepo anadzikhuthula sitolo maalumali, anthu ankafuna kuthera ndalama zawo mwamsanga, malingana ngati iwo akadali chinachake mukanatha kugula. Mavuto mabizinezi ambiri, amene zinthu zambiri kapena zochepa zokhudzana ndi gawo la kubanki. Anasangalala kwambiri ndi danga kukula kwa chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole. Kuchita china kuposa akagulitse, zinadziwika opanda pake, ndiye imfa, ndipo, potsiriza, sangathe. Pofikira - ndi depreciation ndalama chifukwa cha imfa wathunthu cha chikhulupiriro ndalama national pa misika zoweta ndi achilendo. chifukwa ndi amangoona kulakwitsa dongosolo pa kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha dziko. M'mawu ena, kusakhulupirika kumachitika pamene boma akapeza ndalama zambiri kuposa chakudya chuma cha dziko. The depreciation ndalama Russia, ndiyeno mayiko ena Union anali ndi zifukwa zina zolumikizana ndi kuchedwa chilengedwe ayi (pakati pa kupeza kupezeka kwa ndondomeko) chuma imawonongeka dziko lalikulu. "Classic" kusakhulupirika zinachitika mu Mexico (1994), Argentina (2001) ndi Uruguay (2003).

Kufufuma ndi devaluation

Kukula kwa mitengo zoweta m'mayiko ndi kupanga underdeveloped ndi inefficient n'zogwirizana ndi kugwa kwa ndalama ya fuko. Ngati kuchuluka kwa katundu ankadya ali mkulu inatha okhutira, onetsetsani pali depreciation ndalama. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zogula ikuchitika zofunika zonse zofunika kuti ndalama pa dziko, makamaka madola US, ndi ulemu umene yafupika dziko ndalama kusinthitsa ndalama. M'mayiko kuti sakhala amadalira katundu kunja, anati kufufuma yekha zigawo zikuluzikulu zakunja ntchito mu osiyanasiyana katundu ndi mbali ya zoweta, imene kupanga mpweya wambiri wa devaluation.

lothandiza kufufuma ...

Kufufuma ngakhale lalikulu kwambiri ali pa njira zachuma si yowononga kokha, koma nthawi zina machiritso zotsatira. The inapita kuwuka mu mitengo akulimbikitsa ogwirizira a ndalama si kusungidwa "pansi pa matiresi" mofulumira chikuchepa nkhokwe ndi kukhazikitsa iwo mu makope, kufulumiza utuluke ndalama. Monga msika amapita ntchito zimene depreciation ndalama - chimawononga chinthu chifukwa cha dzuwa otsika likulu lawo. Kusiya kokha kwambiri, kwambiri cholimba ndi kugonjetsedwa. Kufufuma n'chofunikira ukhondo, kumasula chuma cha dziko ku ballast zosafunika mu mawonekedwe a mabizinezi ofooka ndi mabungwe ena azachuma, sanathe kulimbana ndi mpikisano.

... ndi kusakhulupirika

Zingaoneke lingaliro paradoxical kuti ngakhale kugwa okwana dongosolo dziko chuma n'kopindulitsa, koma ndi zomveka.

Choyamba, depreciation ndalama pepala sizikutanthauza kuti ndalama kutaya chuma ena. Companies kuti anali akasamuka angathe kupanga mu zikhalidwe za choopsa kwambiri, kukhala zinthu za chidwi cha ndalama zakunja ndi zoweta.

Chachiwiri, boma analengeza insolvency ake pa nthawi anamasulidwa ku angongole zosasangalatsa ndipo mutha kumvana pa Boma kwambiri zingamuthandize wa chuma. Pofikira - mwayi wawukulu kuyamba "ndi chinsalu woyera." Pa yomweyo obwereketsa safuna mu bankirapuse imfa M'malo mwake, iwo amakhala okonzeka kuthandiza wamangawa ndiye ndalama zako, osachepera pang'ono.

kuneneratu

Iwo wosafuna kusangalatsidwa chuma nzika wamba, pofotokoza mfundo zabwino za vutoli, koma munthu wamba mu msewu si zolimbikitsa chiyembekezo imfa ya ndalama, yafupika solvency ndi akukhudzidwira ndi khalidwe la moyo. Amasamala za funso ngati depreciation ndalama, mavuto kumachitika, ndi chochita kutuluka imeneyi sinawonongeke. Chabwino, dziko, komanso chuma dziko, ngakhale zovuta akuoneka, kuchita mfundo mwachilungamo wophweka. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kugula mphamvu ndi kufunika chikoka zinthu, zomwe, ngati n'koyenera, munthu akhoza kuphunzira kuchokera magwero lotseguka. Kukula kwa GDP, nkhokwe yachilendo, mtengo wa ngongole kunja ndi zoweta, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, mphamvu ya kusintha awo - izi zizindikiro zazikulu za citukuko zimanena. Apa chirichonse monga banja wamba: ngati ndalama yaikulu kuposa amapezera, izo posapita nthawi anataya chikhulupiliro angongole, ndi kuwonongeka kumachitika. Ngati zinthu adzagonjetsa - mukhoza kugona mwamtendere.