Features nzeru za wakale

Tisanayambe kuchita mu kusanthula makhalidwe ena ndi zochita za chitukuko cha chithunzi chilichonse sayansi, ayenera kukhala ndi digiri chofunika molondola anapereka chimango mbiri ya mumaganiza izi. Only njira zimenezi amapereka kwa kusanthula kupitiriza ndi mikhalidwe imene limodzi chitukuko cha chodabwitsa sayansi.

Mawu akuti "nzeru wakale" apanga nthanthi cholowa cha Greece ndi Rome.

Kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri kupita mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha sukulu chachikulu ndi akatswiri zochita za dziko lakale, ndipo nthawi imeneyi chapeza chikuperekedwa phenomenal ndi tanthauzo la kuchuluka kwa nzeru, chidziwitso, ndi Musaone phindu lomwe si zotheka. Mu mbali m'mbiri yakale chitukuko cha nzeru wakale anayi, ndithu bwino distinguishable, nyengo.

Pre-Socratic nthawi nzeru za anthu akale koposa zonse, yodziwika ndi yakuti mu nthawi yake Ndipotu, anali zikamera ndi mapangidwe chodabwitsa chimene ife timawutcha "nzeru wakale". Oimira odziwika ndi Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, amene adayima pa chiyambi cha wotchuka kusukulu Milesian. Pa nthawi yomweyo ife ntchito ndi atomists - Democritus, Leucippus, maziko a dialectics. mbali Bright nzeru za wakale akuwonetseredwa mu ntchito za akuluakulu a sukulu Eleatic, poyamba pa zonse, Heraclitus wa Efeso. Nthawiyi wakhala anakonza ndi njira yoyamba ya chidziwitso nthanthi - kulengeza maganizo awo ndipo akufuna zifukwa iwo monga mbalume.

Lofotokoza zochitika zachilengedwe, chidziwitso cha akamanena za chilengedwe ndi dziko la munthu, chowaloleza mfundo yofunika ya chilengedwe - izi ndi mavuto a nzeru akale amene anali ndi chidwi "chisanadze Socratic".

Classic, kapena monga patchedwa - Socratic nyengo - ndi maluwa a nzeru wakale, pa siteji iyi bwino kwambiri anasonyeza makhalidwe a maganizo wakale aumunthu.

Waukulu "zisudzo" nthawi imeneyi anali Sophists kwambiri, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Main makhalidwe a nzeru wakale wa gawo lino ndi anzeru amene amafuna kuti ingaloŵe bwalo la mavuto awo, amene anatulukira ndi akapolo anzawo akale. Choyamba, tisaiwale zopereka zawo kuti pakhale njira, m'malo kudziwa declarative-motsimikiza iwo wagwiritsa ntchito kukambirana ndi umboni, zomwe zinachititsa kuti chitukuko mofulumira chimango umodzi kudziwa nthanthi ya m'madera lonse lomwe kenako anawomba nsalu mu sayansi wodziimira - masamu, sayansi, malo ndi ena. Anzeru a nthawi chakale (ngakhale mu mabuku lotchedwa nthawi Socratic, chitukuko cha nzeru) pang'ono pokha anafotokoza nkhani za mfundo zofunika za dziko, koma ndi kukoka ndi view n'zosatheka a dziko, chinali chiyambi cha mtsutso waukulu za patsogolo kwa ziphunzitso za chuma ndi chabe. Mu ziphunzitso zao nzeru makamaka wakale akuwonetseredwa mu chakuti timatha kulolerana wa milungu mu kutanthauzira sayansi maganizo a chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe. Plato ndi Aristotle anali woyamba amene anali ndi chidwi ndi mavuto a ubale wa anthu ndi boma.

Kenako, mbiri ya nzeru wakale Anapitiriza mwa oimira chiphunzitso Asitoiki, Academy wa Plato, Epicurus nthanthi zolengedwa. nthawi imeneyi itadziwika pansi pa dzina la nthawi ya chitukuko Greek - chawo. Iwo amakhala ndi chifooke ntchito mu chitukuko cha chidziwitso nthanthi kwenikweni chigawo Greek.

mbali zimasiyanitsa gawo Agiriki lili mu choona kuti vuto la muyezo mtengo kwachititsa kuti kukana ndiponso kukana akuluakulu ngakhale kale, kuphatikizapo milungu. Anzeruwo kuitana munthu kuyang'ana magwero a mphamvu yake, thupi ndi makhalidwe abwino, kuyang'ana mwa yekha, nthawi zina kubweretsa chilakolako chimenechi mpaka absurdity, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa ziphunzitso za Asitoiki.

nyengo ya Aroma, ofufuza ena kuitana gawo chiwonongeko cha nzeru akale amene palokha zikumveka wokongola chotheka. Komabe, tiyenera kuzindikira mfundo za makhalidwe otayirira ena a nzeru wakale, dilution ake mu ziphunzitso nthanthi m'madera ena anthu. Oimira wotchuka kwambiri nthawi imeneyi anali Seneca ndipo kenako Asitoiki, Mark Avrely, Tito Lukretsy Carus. Iwo amaona kuti nzeru makamaka wakale akuwonetseredwa mu chidwi kuchuluka nkhani ya aesthetics, chikhalidwe ndi zofunika za mavuto boma pa mavuto a munthu. Nthawi imeneyi, akutulukira utsogoleri malo n'zosatheka chithunzi cha dziko poyerekezera ndi chuma. Mkubwela kwa Christianity, nzeru wakale pang'onopang'ono merges ndi kuti apange chifukwa cha mfundo yofunika kwambiri za zamulungu akale.

Komabe, aliyense wa siteji ankaona anali ndi makhalidwe yake. Koma nzeru akale omwe ali katundu amene ali transtemporal khalidwe - zikusonyeza nthawi zonse. Mwa izi angatchedwe kupatuka wakale ganizo nthanthi ku nkhani makamaka kupanga zinthu, chilakolako akatswiri malo okha anthu onyamula "mtheradi" choonadi cosmocentrism, ndi mbali yotsirizira - kuwasakaniza ndi anthropocentrism. nzeru wakale pamisinkhu onse a chitukuko kunagwirizana kwambiri worldview zaumulungu.