Finno-Ugric mafuko: Dzina mndandanda wa

Ngati ife tikuyang'ana pa mapu la Russia, angapezeke mu mabeseni wa Volga ndi Kama mitsinje dzina, pamene pali syllables "ha" ndi "wa". Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti pali moyo Finno-Ugric mafuko. M'chinenero chawo, syllables amenewa amatanthauza "mtsinje". Ngakhale kuti iwo anali ndithu lonse kugawa malo, azambiriyakale ambiri simungakhoze kunena chimodzimodzi chimene anali moyo wawo.

Kufotokozera za mafuko Finno-Ugric

Popeza mafuko Finno-Ugric, mayina awo osiyanasiyana kwambiri madera ambiri a Russia. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu zazikulu zisanu:

1. Karelians tikukhala mu Republic of Karelia. Iwo kulankhula zinenero zina zambiri angapo, koma chinenero chachikulu - Chifinishi. Komanso mukudziwa Russian.
2. Lapps kapena Sami tikukhala mu mpoto Scandinavia. Poyambirira, chiwerengero chawo chinali yokulirapo, koma m'kupita iwo akankhidwira kumpoto, chifukwa zinthu losauka anayamba likunena kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mamembala a anthu.
3. Mordvinians ndi Maris, akukhala m'dera la Mordovia, komanso m'madera ambiri Russian. A magulu onse, ndi ichi ankaona Russified mwamsanga, mtundu yomweyo anavomera moyo wachikhristu ndi mau oyenera.
4. Komi ndi Udmurts tikukhala mu Republic of Komi. gulu - kwambiri ophunzira, mlingo wa kulemba adalibe ofanana mpaka utasintha.
5. Hungarians, Khanty ndi Mansi tikukhala mu Urals kumpoto kwa malire m'munsi mwa ob Mtsinje. Koma poyamba likulu la mtundu uwu ankaona Danube mtsinjewo.

Choncho, Finno-Ugric mafuko m'mbiri ake anali m'gulu lomwelo ndi Russian. Ndipo, ndiye, chikhalidwe chawo chosanganizidwa, anaphunzira latsopano Chrixitu.

Kodi Finno-Ugric?

Za m'mene anakakhala Finno-Ugric mafuko, wofufuza funso zosayembekezereka wa dziko. chakuti malo awo okhala chimakwirira lalikulu, koma deta yolondola za kumene onse anayamba, palibe.

Akukhulupirira kuti iwowo ndi Anthu loyambirira la Europe ndi ku Asia. Mu IV-III Zakachikwi BC. e. iwo wotanganidwa osati m'dera Russian kwathunthu, koma kufalitsa kwa Europe. Pali osiyanasiyana maganizo chifukwa mabanja anapita ku West. Choyamba, izo zikanakhoza kukhala ochiritsira kusamuka. Chachiwiri, amalola kuti n'zotheka kuponderezedwa awo ndi wolakika.

Chachiwiri chimake mbiri yakale ankaona zambiri, monga II Zakachikwi BC. e. ku dera la Russia anayamba kudutsa mafuko ku Turkey, India, Asia Minor, ndi zina zotero. Koma monga kunena kuti Finno-Ugric anthu achita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe anthu Asilavo.

Pamaso anthu Asilavo

anthu a m'dziko la dziko Russian kwa Asilavo ankaona Finno-Ugric ndi Baltic mafuko. Mukhale malo awa, anayamba zaka VI zikwi zapitazo. Pang'onopang'ono ankatembenukira kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Ural, ndipo kenako - pa East European Plain, kenako anafika ku gombe la nyanja ya Baltic. Komabe, adzabadwira anthu awa wakhala ankaona Urals.

Mwatsoka, ambiri a mafuko Finno-Ugric ali sanapulumuke masiku ano. Today chiwerengero chawo ndi kochepa. Koma monga kunena kuti ana a chotero chachikulu ndi zambiri m'mbuyomu, dziko akukhala mu gawo la dziko lapansi.

malo

Kuthetsa a mafuko Finno-Ugric ndi m'goli. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ndondomeko wayamba pa malire a Asia ndi ku Ulaya, koma kenako anagwira ndi madera ena. Mbali yaikulu iwo anakopeka kumpoto ndi kumadzulo.

Ndi Zakachikwi, Ine zinachitikadi dera lonse la mafuko Baltic Finno-Ugric. Place wa Pamudzi si chifukwa ena mafuko walunjika kwa kumpoto Scandinavia.

Koma zofukulidwa amasonyeza kuti mitundu yonse ndi zambiri zofanana ndi Asilavo, ku ulimi, chipembedzo, kutsiriza ndi maonekedwe. Choncho, ngakhale ambiri a mafuko anapita kumpoto, ena mwa iwo anakhala pa dera la Russia ano.

Msonkhano woyamba ndi Russian

Mu zaka XVI-XVIII atsamunda Russian anayamba wofuna madera anthu Finno-Ugric mafuko. List of kumenyana nkhondo wakhala kochepa chifukwa chakuti ambiri kukagawira zinachitikadi ndithu mwamtendere. Only tinkapeza inalowa a m'mayiko ena boma Russian anakumana ndi kukana. The aukali kwambiri anali Mari.

Chipembedzo, kulemba ndi chinenero Rusich mwachilungamo mwamsanga anayamba amalanda chikhalidwe chawo. Komanso gawo la Finno-Ugric anthu ndi ena mwa mawu analowa m'zilembo chinenero. Mwachitsanzo, mbali ya maina Russian, ngati Shukshin Piyasheva ndi ena alibe chochita ndi chikhalidwe chathu. Iwo amapita ku dzina la fuko "shuksha" ndi dzina "Piyash" ambirife Chikristu chisanayambe. Motero, kuphatikiza chikhalidwe awiri akudutsa supplementing mzake.

kulamulira

Ancient Finno-Ugric mafuko ankakhala m'madera ambiri, ndipo anali kuchititsa kusamutsidwa awo. Tikumbukenso kuti si onse amene akhoza kutetezedwa colonizers zida. Koma uyu analibe kuchita zambiri m'dziko anagwirizana Lazaro mwamsanga ndipo popanda kukana.

Komabe, malo anthu Finno-Ugric mafuko, anakopeka osati Russian. Turkey analinso chidwi kuwonjezera m'madera awo. Choncho, mbali ya mtundu savomereza wachikristu ndi chikhulupiriro Muslim.

Tikumbukenso kuti, ngakhale kuti anthu Finno-Ugric ali kwenikweni kusungunuka zikhalidwe amene anaonekera m'dziko lawo, iwo anapitiriza mtundu lawo. Izi maso a buluu, tsitsi tsitsi ndi nkhope waukulu. Komanso chifukwa cha chinenero awo anabwereka mawu ambiri, monga Titafika pamalo kapena sprat.

chuma

Ndipotu, inu simungakhoze kusankha ntchito iliyonse zachuma, zomwe kunachitidwa ndi mafuko Finno-Ugric. Makalasi iwo kwakukulukulu wapangidwa mphalapala wawo amadalira kuweta nsomba ndi kusaka. ena a mafuko magulu boma Only anali nazo zosiyana.

Mwachitsanzo, Mari, amene sanasangalale ndi kulowa kwa boma Russian, anakana kufikira utasintha. Zimenezi kungasokoneze awo ntchito yake. Iwo sakanakhoza kugulitsa, ndi ochepa a iwo amakhoza akagwire ntchito pantchitoyo. Malawi m'midzi yokakamiza yopezera zofunika pa moyo kudzera nyama husbandry ndi ulimi.

Subgroup wa Komi, amene kusiyana ndi maphunziro, mwina mwa njira ina ndalama. Ena mwa iwo anali amalonda ambiri ndi amalonda, amene kumatha kugwira ntchito mwakhama.

chipembedzo

Orthodoxy chinali chipembedzo ambiri a mitundu amene anali mafuko Finno-Ugric. Chipembedzo Ena a iwo losiyana ndithu kwambiri chifukwa chakuti pa kulamulira kwa gawo anagonjetsedwa ndi Turkey. Choncho ena midzi anakakamizika kutembenukira kwa Islam ndi Islam.

Koma Orthodox kuvomereza, osati onse a mafuko Finno-Ugric. Mndandanda wa mayiko amene atembenuka zikhulupiriro zina, ndi kochepa, koma izo zikuchitika.

Udmurts anatengera Chikhristu, koma si chifukwa cha kutsatira miyambo Mkhristu. Ambiri a iwo anali kubatizidwa kudziwa Russian kuti isawakhudze. Komabe, chipembedzo chachikulu ndi chikunja awo. Iwo amalambira milungu ndiponso mizimu. Anthu ambiri a Komi adzakhala nawobe chikhulupiriro chomwecho ndipo anali Old Okhulupirira.

Khanty ndi Mansi komanso samadziwa Chikhristu ndi chipembedzo waukulu. Iwo anapempha kuti chikhulupiriro chimodzi, komanso analibe ngakhale kubisa izi, ubatizo yachilendo kwa iwo. Koma chifukwa chakuti iwo ankakhala kutali ndi akalonga Russian, kuwakakamiza kuvomereza ziphunzitso, palibe munthu akanakhoza. Mwina chifukwa chimenechi, chikhulupiriro akale anakhalabe kwa Khanty ndi Mansi chokha chimene iwo akudziwa. Iwo si kulinganizidwa.

kulemba

Mwatsoka, kwa Finno-Ugric mafuko ndi anthu magulu a anthu amene anakhulupirira kufala kwa nkhani zolembedwa ochimwa. Chifukwa, magwero aliyense zolembalemba Kungoti mulibemo. Kufala kwa mudziwe olembedwa ndikoletsedwa.

Komabe, ntchito hieroglyphs analipo. Linayamba IV Zakachikwi BC. e. ndipo anapitiriza mpaka m'zaka XIV. Only ndiye Metropolitan Perm kupereka fuko Komi kalata mwini. Zikuoneka kuti chifukwa chake iwo ali ophunzira kwambiri kuposa abale magazi awo.

Finno-Ugric mafuko, motsutsana ndi Asilavo, analibe chinenero makamaka. Aliyense kuthetsa wagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chake. Nthawi zambiri mwa anthu omwewo mitundu sanathe pomvetsetsana. Mwina, izo lilinso chifukwa chosowa kulemba.

Literature ndi zinenero

Onse a Finno-Ugric mafuko, amene maina mukhoza kuziwerenga chifukwa cha nambala yawo ikuluikulu, analankhula m'zilembo zawo. Komanso, ngakhale mtundu zambiri popanda wotanthauzira sanakhoze kumvetsa magazi mnzake. Koma, mosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, zilankhulo ambiri si ndikachoka.

mungapeze midzi, kumene sukulu kuphunzitsa zilankhulo ziwiri pa dera la Russia zamakono - Russian ndi mbadwa - buku limene zaka masauzande ambiri zapitazo makolo analankhula. Mwachitsanzo, mu Mordovia, pali kuphunzira Russian ndi zinenero Mordovian.

Pamaso pa ulamuliro wa Peter Ine Russia ano sasiyana kuti kukakamiza anthu onse kulankhula kokha mu Russian. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha m'mizinda ikuluikulu kapena zikuluzikulu mabungwe utsogoleri (msonkho ndi zina zotero). Chirasha atagonjetsa m'midzi ndi m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono pang'onopang'ono, poyamba ntchito anafotokoza yekha ndi landlords ndi bailiffs.

Mabuku zofunika ankaona Moksha, Merya ndi Mari zinenero. Ndipo iwo anayankhula ngakhale ndi madalaivala zashuga, amalonda mu msika, ndi zina zotero. Ndiko kuti, anthu osiyanasiyana nawo ntchito entrepreneurial, anali si yopindulitsa kudziwa m'zilembo makasitomala awo.

Pomaliza

Pomaliza, Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti Russian kuwonjezera kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe, kulemba ndi zilankhulo za Finno-Ugric mafuko. Komabe, munthu sayenera kuchepetsa chopereka ndi iwowo. maina ambiri masiku ano, maina a midzi ndi mitsinje inachitika ku Finno-Ugric anthu.

Mabuku komanso amatilimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha mtundu umenewu. The Finno-Ugric anthu nthawi zonse ankaika maliro mabokosi thundu. Iwo anali kwa msilikali. Udindo wa asilikali kutenga amphaka, imene pa nthano kundipatsa mfiti shawa Amagi kapena fuko. Komanso, thundu anapachika dera ngati chinali choti mwamsanga ndipo anaona kudula processing. Choncho, ngakhale lalikulu zapamwamba Russian, monga Pushkin, sakanakhoza kukana ku chikhalidwe Finno-Ugric. Ndipo mwina mphaka wake wasayansi si wina Ula, amene anatuluka pansi pa nthaka.