Gerbert Guver (Herbert Clark Hoover), 31 TH Purezidenti wa United States: yonena, moyo, ntchito ndale

Tsogolo Pulezidenti US Gerbert Guver anabadwa pa August 10, 1874 ku West Nthambi. Makolo ake anali Quakers ku Iowa akuzigawo ndi mizu German. awisi anagulitsa zipangizo zaulimi ndi ntchito monga osula zitsulo. Iye anafa pamene Herbert zaka 6 zokha. Mayi anamwalira mu zaka 4. Kukhalabe mnyamata wamasiye anasamukira ku amalume ake Oregon. Mu 1891, achinyamata Hoover analowa madzulo anatsegula University Stanford. Ndi chivomerezo anali kadaulo migodi, ndipo kunalibe zizindikiro zimene katswiri uyu adzakhala chinkhoswe mu ndale.

Ntchito injiniya migodi

Mu 1895, Gerbert Guver analandira digiri yoyamba. ntchito yake akatswiri Zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri. Koma onse anayamba modzichepetsa. Choyamba Stanford maphunziro nawo zotsukira makampani thanthwe migodi Mphotho mgodi wa golide. Ndiye mnyamata akatswiri chidwi mu British. English Bewick, Moreing ndi Company, makamaka golide, walemba ntchito Hoover 23 wazaka ndi seconded iye Australia. Pa "wobiriwira kontinenti" anzake American kuphunzitsa mndandanda California njira migodi wapatali zitsulo. Mu Australia, Gerbert Guver aphunzire kwambiri osati monga miyala ndi nthaka, komanso bwana.

Ndiye katswiri analandira kupereka zosayembekezeka boma Chinese. Mu China migodi anali mu mkhalidwe achikale. The Chinese ankafuna kuphunzira pa chitsanzo chamakono Western. Choncho okhoza ndi amphamvu Gerbert Guver anali phungu zabwino. American "mwayi" kukhala mu China pa nthawi imene anayamba wathuwu ankhonya Anakana. Zinali funde la pogroms mu kumpanda yakunja. Against ulamuliro wa alendo anali makamaka anthu wamba. Iwo sanali Mkhristu ntchito waumishonale.

Kamodzi Tianjin, kumene Hoover moyo, anabwera pansi shelling. Woukira chipolopolo anagunda nyumbayi inali kuwoloka msewu kuchokera American injiniya kunyumba. Pa tsiku limenelo, Herbert Clark Hoover, anaika miyoyo yawo pachiswe, anathamangira kunyumba anawonongedwa ndi kupulumutsidwa mtsikana Chinese. Patapita zaka zambiri, mu 1928, iye ngati Pulezidenti mu United States analetsa Atolankhani kufalitsa nkhani pa msonkhano chisankho. Pa ankhonya Kupanduka American sikuti zikugwira ntchito mwachindunji, komanso kubwezeretsa njanji anawonongedwa.

moyo

Amazing ntchito kaonedwe ku China ali kukakamizidwa Hoover kuganiza za banja tsogolo lawo. Mnyamatayo anali kale ndi bwenzi amene amapitiriza kukhala mu California. Mu chaka cha 1898, tsogolo Lou Genri Guver walandira kuchokera uthengawo a mkwati, limene anafotokoza ulendo adziwitse kwa Asia ndipo anamuuza kukwatira. Mtsikanayo anavomera. Awiri ophatikizana banja likhale lolimba February 10, 1899 mumzinda wa Monterrey. Potsatira chitsanzo cha mwamuna wake Lu Genri anatenga Quaker chikhulupiriro. The angolowa kumene m'banja pa ulendo m'chombo ku China kale tsiku lotsatira atakwatirana. Mkazi wakhala pafupi Herbert. Iye anamwalira mu 1964.

Pa Hoover anali ndi ana awiri. Herbert anabadwa mu 1903, anakhala katswiri ndi nthumwi. Mofanana ndi bambo ake, maphunziro anga ku yunivesite ya Stanford. Ntchito ngati katswiri wa m'munda wa zomangamanga ndege, geophysics, ndi 50 anali Mlembi wa State kuyang'anira yogwirizana Middle East. Mwana wamng'ono Allan lilinso yoyendetsa migodi, ndipo ambiri a ntchito yake anakhala mu California.

Wazamalonda ndi wofuna kuthandiza

Mu 1901, Gerbert Guver ku China. Iye anakhala co-mwini Bewick, Moreing & Co, makamaka makampani migodi. Kwa nthawi yaitali, anabwerera Australia. Mu 1908, Hoover anayamba ntchito yake ndi mlangizi palokha. Akutsatiridwa ndi nthawi mogwirizana ndi makampani padziko lonse. The katswiri wagwira ntchito ku San Francisco, London, New York, St. Petersburg, Paris, ndipo ngakhale Burma, kumene malungo. pulezidenti tsogolo US anathandizana ndi magnates Ural. Makamaka, anathandiza kukhala Kyshtym mkuwa gawo, kenako anathamanga mabomba mu Altai Mountains. Ndiyamika ndalama bwino mu 1914 Herbert Hoover anakhala munthu wolemera. boma lake si za $ 4 miliyoni.

moyo Hoover a wasintha kwambiri pambuyo First World nkhondo. M'chaka cha 1914 iye anali mu London. Kazembe US ku Britain anafunsa Hoover kuthandiza kukonza repatriation nzika US amene amapezeka mu Europe pamaso ngozi wachivundi. Zinali mulu waukulu wa anthu - 120 zikwi anthu.

Ndiye, pulezidenti tsogolo Gerbert Guver anakhazikitsa ntchito ndi kuthandiza wotanganidwa Belgium. Germany ngakhale agwirizana pochitika katundu wothandizira, amene anamasulidwa ku Chile mwa nyanja. Panthawi imeneyi zombo British anali Germany mu anatseka misewu panyanja. The British komanso sankamutsutsa yobereka katundu wamba. Hoover Commission mofulumira anakhala zimakhudza kwambiri. Iye adagula chakudya mu Australia ndi America, ndi zombo zake zinasonyeza kuti anali zombo dazeni ochepa.

Tsogolo lenileni la mutsogoleli 31 wa United States kangapo anawoloka mzere kutsogolo ndi zonse anaika moyo wake pangozi. okhazikitsa mtendere wake wamphamvu sanathe ananyalanyaza. Mu 1919, chifukwa cha kuphunzira zambiri potumikira anthu ndi zomangamanga Washington linapereka anali amaitcha kuti Hoover.

Nduna ya malonda

Pakutha kwa nkhondo, Hoover anakhala wodziwika ndi otchuka. Mu 1918 ndi chigamulo cha Pulezidenti WOODROW Wilson , iye anatsogolera American Relief Administration. Anatenga zonse yemweyo: kuthandiza gulu anawononga Europe (katundu yambiri zimagulitsidwa ku Poland ndi Czechoslovakia). Ngakhale First World nkhondo kale pa latsopano wamagazi nkhondo itayamba mu Russia, kumene Civil nkhondo inayambika.

Mu 1919, bungwe anayamba kuthandiza Hoover White chakumadzulo Army. Achimereka anabweretsa tirigu ndi monga chimanga ufa, nyemba, nandolo, condensed mkaka, mafuta anyama. Mu 1921, Hoover anali Mlembi US wa Zamalonda. Anaikidwa Pulezidenti Uorren ponena, mwachilungamo wogulira agwira mwaluso kulinganiza.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu positi Hoover anachita ntchito yofunika youmba makampani wailesi American. Ngakhale kuulutsa ntchito zipangizozi ndi malamulo a Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi Hoover panokha. Izo zinali zopambana, kuti Court Federal wachepetsa mphamvu za mutu wa Dipatimenti. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kwa zaka zambiri, anthu a ku America anadwala chisokonezeko okwana mu wailesi zawo, komwe okwerera osiyana anapita pa wailesi pa pafupipafupi chomwecho.

Chisokonezo atakhazikika mu 1927. Congress zapita wotchuka Radio Act, malinga ndi zomwe wapadera Federal Radio Commission analengedwa.

Thandizeni Soviet Russia

Mu 1921 anayamba njala yoopsa amene wakumenya chovuta m'dera Volga mu Russia. Chifukwa kuti anali Civil nkhondo, ndi kukhwimitsa malamulo a requisitioning ndi owonongedwa wathunthu m'mudzi. Ali ndithu chikoka kunja wolemba limakhulupirira Gorky wapempha boma US thandizo. Hoover ankadziwika udindo wake odana Bolshevik, koma analola kuthandiza anjala. Mu August 1921, mumzinda wa Riga, American Relief Administration ndi Commissar cha anthu kwa Affairs okhonda limakhulupirira Litvinov anasaina mgwirizano pa kundipatsako kwa katundu ndi yothandiza kuti Soviet Russia.

Poyamba, anathandizidwa okha ana ndi odwala. Achimereka bungwe tebulo, amene akanakhoza kutenga okha kwambiri akufunika thandizo njala. Analandira wapadera khadi athandizira.

Mu Petrograd yekha America anatsegula canteens 120, limene chifukwa cholephera ana oposa 42 zikwi. The otaya zofunika chakudya anatumiza kwa Volga: Samara, Kazan, Saratov ndi chigawo Simbirsk (a anaonekera za 7000 m'makhitchini). Patapita miyezi ingapo kuchokera pa chiyambi cha makontena Hoover ku Washington sanaphule opanga malamulo kuti kuwonjezela ndalama pa mwambowu.

Vuto linali lakuti nthawi kuti boma US sanamuzindikire boma Soviet. Makontena mu Russia unatha mu 1923. Panthawi imeneyi, malinga ndi Commissariat, izo kunja za 585.000 matani chakudya mankhwala, ndi zovala.

pulezidenti

Mu 1928, Hoover (monga chiwalo cha ku US Republican Party) analowa lotsatira pulezidenti mpikisano. mdani wakeyo waukulu anali Democrat Alfred Smith. Hoover anali wokhoza kupambana kuyamika mbiri yake. Kumbuyo kwake kunali bwino yekha bizinesi ndi kuthandiza Europe panthawi ya nkhondo. Komanso, America ankaona phindu lenileni la Nduna ya Zamalonda chodabwitsa chuma Boom 20s.

Komabe, kukhala pa waukulu Hoover boma zinali zodzaza ndi chiyambi cha Great Depression. Stock msika mavuto anayambitsa kugwa kwa chuma. Hoover anali kulimbana ndi mphepo ya zachuma, zatsopano zomwe sinapite mwina US kapena Europe. mfundo odana ndi mavuto pulezidenti zochepa mfundo zazikulu zochepa. Poyamba anayesa kupereka chitukuko zina za bizinesi yaing'ono payekha. Kachiwiri, Hoover, anayesetsa mabwana osati kuchepetsa kupanga yake. Akuluakulu irritant anthu anali mkangano mabungwe ndi mabwana. Pulezidenti anayesera kuti afewetse chitsutso ichi.

Komanso, Hoover akufuna pulogalamu ya ntchito yaikulu anthu umene ukuyenera kuti vuto la kuwuka ulova. Mu 1930, Congress ovomerezeka dongosolo ndi allocated kukhazikitsa miliyoni 750. Koma ngakhale zoyesayesa za boma kanthu zinthu mmene anapitiriza iwonongeke. M'chaka cha 1930, mabwana anayamba massively kuchepetsa kupanga awo.

Malingaliro a Hoover, Congress analenga thumba, ndalama njira imene sitima zofunika kwambiri, komanso ulemu ndi banki mabungwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mutsogoleli vetoed lamulo thandizo la ndalama mwachindunji kuti lova kuona kwambiri ndalama kulowetsedwa adzakhala kumana anthu awa mongoganiza kupeza ntchito yatsopano. Ndi 1932, chiwerengero chawo anafika sikunachitekepo anthu 12 miliyoni, ndipo onse kupanga US kunali mavuto anagwada ndi 50%.

kusintha zosachitika

Ndi chidwi kuti kumayambiriro 1929 Hoover anayamba kulamulira, iye akanati achite kukonzanso chuma, adali kufooketsa zina mphamvu ya boma pa chuma. Zinali kupata maphunziro a libertarianism, kapena otchedwa mfundo noninterference. Kupanga ndondomeko ya zachuma, Hoover anadalira luso lanu wazamalonda, ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Other kwambiri zikuchitika mfundo zoweta 1929-1933. anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa Bureau Federal wa Prisons ndi ziŵalo za Bureau of Indian Affairs. Hoover komanso polimbikitsa kusintha penshioni, chifukwa cha zomwe ense American oposa zaka 65 ayenera kulandira $ 50 pa mwezi. Chifukwa cha Wamkulu Depression , GGI sanathenso kuona.

mfundo yachilendo

Mu 1928, Gerbert Guver anali ndi ulendo kochuruka kwa maiko khumi Latin America. Paulendo adati 25 malankhulidwe ndipo maulendo okha zinachititsa kuti kumaliseche ubale ndi mayiko m'dzikoli. Pamene anali ku Argentina, Hoover pafupifupi ndinayamba kugonedwa ndi kuphedwa kwa anarchist m'deralo.

Ngakhale zovuta zonse pulezidenti wa anatha kuika maziko a lamulo latsopano la "mnansi wabwino" chomwe m'malo ambiri "nthochi nkhondo". cliché Izi zochita US ndi Caribbean ndi ku Central America, ku America, makamaka, olamulidwa Puerto Rico ndi Cuba. Lamulo la "mnansi wabwino" Anapitiriza pansi Roosevelt. Zinali ndiye, mu 1934, asilikali a ku America ku Haiti.

Kulephera ya kukonzanso chisankho

The zinthu zoopsa mwa chuma chimene chinasokoneza yonena za Hoover. Kupemphera chisankho cha Pulezident cha 1932, ndipo msinkhu wake thandizo anali prohibitively otsika. Pa chikhalidwe kulankhula chisanadze chisankho adzaponye chisanko Hoover anapeza anthu ankhanza anamukwiyitsa. Odana wa pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt. Iye anapambana chisankho, kukhala mutu wotsatira wa United States.

phungu Republican anagonja achilengedwe. Hoover m'nthawi mlandu kulephera kutenga odana ndi mavuto pulogalamu yomwe ankatha kuletsa namondwe zachuma. Roosevelt, popeza atapita miyeso kwambiri ndi maganizo chinthu chatsopano, zinthu zitawongoledwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale lero, olemba mbiri dziwani kuti Hoover anakhala zinthu akapolo. Iye anali unlucky kukhala pulezidenti madzulo a mavutowo chimene chinayamba siife wake, ndi zifukwa cholinga, kopivshimsya kwa zaka zambiri. Othandiza Hoover taonera ndipo linkasonyeza kuti pa msinkhu wa Great Depression, palibe njira kuthandiza pulezidenti America sakanakhoza.

Patapita zaka, komanso zotsatira

Radicalism Roosevelt kuti iye anapita ku muyeso wa udindo boma chuma, mosiyana ndi msika alipidwa chitsanzo US.

Hoover, nzika payekha, kwa zaka zambiri anatsutsa ulamuliro wa m'malo mwake. Pamene Wachiwiri World nkhondo, iye analimbikitsa osati kulowerera pa zochitika za ku Ulaya.

Hoover anabwerera ku utumiki boma Pulezidenti Truman ndipo Eisenhower. woyang'anira anakumana walunjika komiti, kutsogolera kusintha kwa zida boma. Iye walemba nkhani zambiri ndi mabuku, kuphatikizapo Maulendo, amene anafotokoza unyamata wake ulendo yowala. Hoover anali wakale pulezidenti pa mbiri kwa nthawi, nthawi 31 chaka. Iye anafa pa October 20, 1964 ku New York. munthu wakale woyamba zaka 90. mpumulo wake malo komaliza wakhala Iowa mbadwa.

United States amayamikira chikumbukiro cha pulezidenti 31, amene, ngakhale mokoma onse a Depression Wamkulu mu ukalamba akhoza anapulumutsa ndi kumukonzanso pamaso pa nzika. dzina lake zinthu zambiri ndi malo. The wodziwika ndi a Hoover damu (Azariya). The damu pa Colorado Mtsinje, ndipo lero amati lapadera. yomanga wake unayamba m'zaka Pulezidenti Hoover mu 1931, ndipo udzatha pa Roosevelt mu 1936. The drafts loyamba damu anaonekera mu 1920s ndi. Hoover anali ndiye mtumiki wa malonda ndi membala wa bungwe udindo polojekiti damu. Zikomo kwa iye, anatha muzithera madzi kum'mwera kwa California ndi chitukuko cha ulimi wamba, komanso kutsitsa opandukawo phiri mtsinje.