Hermeneutics - luso nzeru kapena kuzindikira?

Anatinso hermeneutics amatchedwa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a malemba kutanthauzira, kumene mu mbiriyakale ndipo philological sayansi ku XVIII m'ma (G. Meyer, H. Wolf, etc.). Kenako anayamba kutenga chikhalidwe chilengedwe. Friedrich Schleiermacher anayamba ngati chiphunzitso ambiri kutanthauzira, ndi Wilhelm Dilthey - monga maziko a chidziwitso cha zaumunthu lapansi. Komabe, ngati Schleiermacher anaumirira miyambo njira kalembedwe ndi zinenero kutanthauzira, kuti hermeneutical njira Dilthey a - ndi koposa zonse, luso la kuzindikira.

Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, kuchokera njira lemba kutanthauzira hermeneutics wakhala nzeru za anthu, makamaka chifukwa cha phenomenology wa Husserl ndi Martin Heidegger ntchito. Ngati Husserl zenizeni makamaka cognition si "mzimu" kapena "kanthu" ndipo "moyo Dziko" limene Heidegger, ntchito ziphunzitso za Husserl, anali amanena kuti dziko ndi ofunikira pa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe, zinthu zambiri, chinenero. Mu ntchito zake pambuyo, Heidegger analemba kuti chinenero akalumikidzidwa tsogolo pokhala kuti sitinali amalankhula chinenerocho, koma iye akuti, ndi thandizo lathu. Kupitiriza mwambo wa Dilthey, Heidegger anatsimikiza kuti hermeneutics aumunthu. hermeneutics Izi a chinenero, chifukwa yaikidwa ndi thandizo limene n'zotheka kumvetsa motero, kuti, zingathandize kuti "yojambula kwa munthu woona, kukhala ndi maganizo."

Zonsezi kutumikira pofuna kukwaniritsa chinthu monga hermeneutics. Philosophy, mu umene losandulizika, kunayambitsa funso lakuti kodi ndondomeko ya kumvetsetsa dziko, malo mu ndondomeko izi ndi za "atulukira choonadi cha kukhala." Iwo anali kwakukuru mwachita wolankhulira wake kutsogolera Hans-Georg Gadamer. Akutanthauzira mbiri ndi munthu wokhalapo, hermeneutics anali chonena kuti nzeru kuti umalongosola tanthauzo la moyo, luso ndi mbiri, kukumbatirana zinachitikira ndi munthu ndipo anthu mwambo, ndi kusiya izo. Pamene Paulo Ricoeur hermeneutic dialectic Pofotokoza ndi kuzindikira luso ndi kutanthauzira nthanthi ya m'dzikoli, chifukwa Habermas - njira ya kusinthika kwa anthu, chifukwa Gadamer - nzeru kwambiri chilengedwe modernity.

The ntchito otchuka Gadamer - "Choonadi ndi Njira" - mu mutu wake abisa ngati chikhazikitso cha zimene hermeneutics. Nzeru womvetsa anauyamba ntchito imeneyi, amasonyeza kusiyana kwambiri ya kutanthauzira pakati pa sayansi ndi masamu pa dzanja limodzi, ndi chikhalidwe ndi anthu - pa ena. Zikhulupiriro ongolankhula a sayansi ndi masamu zochokera njira mwamwambo, zochokera kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction, kungoganizira ndi kuphunzira yachinsinsi cha dongosolo mobwerezabwereza. Ovutika sayansi chomwecho walangizidwa kufufuza choonadi, osati lolunjika pa njira ya. Ndipo choonadi - si chiphunzitso, ndi mfundo ya moyo - kumene anthu kwenikweni.

Ntchito terminology wa Heidegger, Gadamer tipeze yankho la funso zimene zaumunthu nanga kulunjika awo. A mbali yaikulu mu izo ankaimba ndi mfundo mwambo. Izi ndi mmodzi wa mitundu ya ulamuliro, chifukwa sangathe kudziwa chilichonse popanda thandizo la akalambula ake. Koma mwambo sangaonekerenso popanda chinenero. Iwo anadutsa momwemu. Komanso, ntchito chinenero zinachitikira anthu zopanga, maonekedwe ndi kuupereka kutiumba. Cognition ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kwa chinenero. Mu ulaliki wa hermeneutics Gadamer a - nzeru womvetsa - izo zikusonyeza kuti ndi katundu wa chibadidwe chinenero. Koma ambiguity wa kumam'phunzitsa wake chakuti malemba ayenera kutanthauziridwa hermeneutically, kuti maganizo onse a maso.

Mu nzeru za Gadamer, pali kwambiri kuposa lofunika gulu kuposa chinenero - izi ndi masewera. Yankholo mtima wa njira zozama za munthu wokhalapo ndi limachititsa pokonza chidziwitso. Komanso, chinenero ndi luntha ngati nawonso zochokera masewera. Ndipotu, izo, monga Gadamer, si zichokera kwa munthu, ndipo lilibe chidwi - ndi palokha ndipo kudzidalira, monga "chinthu palokha". masewera ndi gulu lenileni - imathandiza mu osewera akulowa mu moyo wawo. Nzosadabwitsa masewera limatchedwa "yosangalatsa" - iwo kwenikweni analanda ophunzira.

Choncho kosewera masewero ndi kuganizira zokongoletsa a ntchito zaluso, kuwerenga bukhu, kumvetsa mbiri. "Zomwe ndi zokongoletsa, catharsis, kufufuza mbiri yakale - limatsindika Gadamer - kulonjeza wapadera, wopanda chidwi wanzeru m'chikondwerero."

Tikhoza kunena kuti hermeneutics, nzeru ndi chiphunzitso chidziwitso zaumunthu, anati kuti kumvetsa, kuyandikira masewera, limakupatsani kuyandikira choonadi. Hermeneutics zinachitikira, monga zinachitikira luso ndi chipembedzo, zochokera nthawi zambiri yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale aluntha, yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale. kumvetsa Hermeneutic luso, kutsogozedwa ndi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, zimathandiza kumvetsa tanthauzo la mawuwo. Komanso, kutenga nkhani osati kuti wolemba ankafuna kunena, komanso nkhani yake lemba analengedwa, ndi kuti amanyamula. Izi ndi zotheka kuyamika siyana monga kulingalira chondichitikira, kutsegula kwa mfundo mkati mwa ntchito mtundu wa thupi lanyama, "kukambirana" m'bukuli. chidziwitso cha za "mkati" limakupatsani kumvetsa chodabwitsa cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe, ndi mavuto a moyo wa munthu.